Esci: Layers Of The Earth And Internal Structures Of The Earth

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH / 3 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE GEOSPHERE / FORMED DUE TO DIFFERENTIATION

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1. CRUST

2. MANTLE

3. CORE

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CRUST

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-EARTH'S THIN AND ROCKY SKIN

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OCEANIC CRUST

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- USUALLY FOUND BENEATH OCEANS AND LARGE BODIES OF WATER

-MADE UP OF BASALTIC ROCKS RICH IN FERROMAGNESIAN MINERALS

-7KM THINNER THAN CONTINENTAL CRUST

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CONTINENTAL CRUST

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-THICKER (MAY EXCEED 70KM ESPECIALLY IN MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS)

-DOMINATED BY GRANITIC ROCKS

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MANTLE

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-EXTENDS DEEPER THAN THE CRUST

- COMPRISES 82% OF THE EARTH'S TOTAL VOLUME

-THE ROCKS FOUND IN THIS LAYER ARE MORE RELATED TO DENSER ELEMENTS SUCH AS Fe AND Mg ( SIMILAR TO OCEANIC CRUST MATERIALS)

-ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT 2/3s OF EARTH'S TOTAL MASS

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WHERE IDEAS ABOUT THE MANTLE CAME FROM

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1. SEISMOLOGICAL DATA

2. NATURE OF METEORITES

3. MATERIALS FROM THE MANTLE THAT HAVE BEEN EJECTED TO EARTH'S SURFACE BY VOLCANOES

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SUBDIVISIONS OF MANTLE - DUE TO PRESSURE DIFFERENCES

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1. UPPER MANTLE

2. LOWER MANTLE

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UPPER MANTLE

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EXTENDS FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE CRUST TO A DEPTH OF 660KM

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SUBDIVISIONS OF THE UPPER MANTLE DUE TO PRESSURE AND COMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES

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1. LITHOSPHERE

2. ASTHENOSPHERE

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LITHOSPHERE

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STIFF PORTION OF THE UPPER MANTLE AND THE WHOLE CRUST ABOVE IT.

COOL, RIGID, BRITTLE

CALLED "STONE SHELL"

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ASTHENOSPHERE

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A WEAKER LAYER BENEATH THE LITHOSPHERE

HOT, WEAK, PLASTIC

CALLED "WEAK SHELL"

INCLUDES THE ENTIRE CRUST, THE MOHO AND THE UPPER PART OF THE MANTLE.

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LOWER MANTLE

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DEEPER THAN THE UPPER MANTLE AND EXTENDS 2900KM TO THE TOP OF THE CORE, MORE RIGID PORTION OF THE MANTLE. (PRESSURE BUILD-UP)

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CORE

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-CONSIDERED TO BE THE SINK OF DENSE ELEMENTS (IRON AND NICKEL) FROM THE DIFFERENTIATION PROCESS.

-RADIUS OF 3400KM

-MAKES UP 15% OF EARTH'S TOTAL VOLUME AND ABOUT 1/3 OF ITS MASS

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3 SOURCES OF INFORMATION

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1. SEISMOLOGICAL DATA

2. NATURE OF METEORITES

3. GEOLOGICAL DATA AT THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH

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SUBDIVISIONS OF THE CORE DUE TO ITS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

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1. OUTER CORE

2. INNER CORE

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OUTER CORE

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REPRESENTS THE LIQUID PORTION OF THE CORE WHERE THE MOVEMENT OF IRON IS BELIEVED TO BE GENERATING THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD.

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INNER CORE

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SOLID PORTION AND REMAINS IN SUCH PHASE DUE TO IMMENSE PRESSURES.

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EVIDENCES OF THEORETICAL FORMATION AND LAYERED STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

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1. MEASUREMENT OF VIBRATIONS IN EARTH

2. EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD

3. GRAVITY

4. HEAT FLOW

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ORIGIN OF THE EARTH

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1. METEORS AND ASTEROIDS BOMBARDED THE EARTH

2. GRAVITATIONAL COMPRESSION

3. DENSITY STRATIFIED PLANET

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AGE, THICKNESS, DENSITY, COMPOSITION OF OCEANIC CRUST

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<200 M YEARS

5-8KM

3.0G/CM^3

BASALT

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AGE, THICKNESS, DENSITY, COMPOSITION OF CONTINENTAL CRUST

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UP TO 3.8 BILLION YEARS

10-75 KM

2.7G/CM^3

GRANITE, SCHIST, GNEISS

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MOHO DISCONTINUITY

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-MARKED BY A SHARP INCREASE IN THE VELOCITY OF SEISMIC WAVES AS P-WAVES INCREASE IN VELOCITY BECAUSE OF CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE MATERIALS.

- STUDIES OF ____________ SHOWS THAT THE CRUST IS THICKER UNDER THE CONTINENTS AND THINNER UNDER THE OCEANS.

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MESOSPHERE

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HOT BUT STRANGE DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE

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WHY IS THE ASTHENOSPHERE CALLED A WEAK LAYER?

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BECAUSE IT IS PLASTIC AND MOBILE AND YIELDS TO STRESSES.

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SEISMOLOGICAL DATA

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-PRIMARY EVIDENCE FOR THE STRUCTURE OF THE CORE OF THE EARTH

-LARGE EARTHQUAKE SPREAD SEISMIC P-WAVES

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P-WAVE SHADOW ZONES

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- PLACES BETWEEN 103 DEGREES AND 142 DEGREES OF ARC THAT DO NOT RECEIVE P-WAVES

- EXPLAINS P-WAVES BEING REFRACTED BY THE CORE, LEAVING A SHADOW.

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S-WAVE SHADOW ZONES

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-BIGGER THAN P-WAVE SHADOW ZONES

-S-WAVES NOT RECORDED IN THE ENTIRE REGION MORE THAN 103 DEGREES.

-INDICATE THAT S-WAVES DO NOT TRAVEL THROUGH CORE

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NATURE OF METEORITES

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-EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE CORE IS MOSTLY IRON

-EARTH HAS A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD THAT HAS ITS SOURCES IN THE TURBULENT FLOW OF THE LIQUID PART OF THE EARTH'S CORE.

-TO PRODUCE SUCH FIELD THE EARTH MUST BE AN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR THAT IS A METAL SUCH AS IRON.

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2 GENERAL KINDS OF METEORITES

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1. STONY METEORITES

2. IRON METEORITES

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STONY METEORITES

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MADE OF SILICATE MATERIALS

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IRON METEORITES

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MADE OF IRON OR OF NICKEL/IRON ALLOY