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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is a model according to O'Neil? |
An abstract representation of some process with inputs and outputs. |
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Informal vs Formal Models |
Informal = in your head/ refined by experience (family dinner preferences)
Formal = Translated into mathematical equations (credit scores) |
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Models vs Algorithms |
Algorithms is a system of if/then statements creating a stepwise model. So a model can be based on an algorithm. |
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What is meant by the "black box" in information technology? |
-Companies hide how their algorithms work / don't reveal how people are evaluated. -Only considered in terms of inputs and outputs. |
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How did podtmodernism and post structuralism change ideas about science in the 1960s? |
-Truth / knowledge are partially socially constructed. -Relates to the concept of the black box as "objective" because it is based on science. |
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Thomas Kuhn's (1962) views |
-Scientific paradigms dominate until replaced by new ones (social phenomenon) -Always a social aspect to scientific facts |
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Bruno Latour and the science wars. |
-Lab = site of sociological research -Scientific realists - science is objective -Science studies - field of science is structured by power, not everything scientists do is purely scientific (bias / political influence) |
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Why is it important to "open the black box"? |
To deconstruct why certain results occurred, allowing for fair judgement of those processed by algorithms as well as to test the accuracy of scientific statements. |
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How is knowledge "made"? |
-Messy / requires human judgement as well as non-human things -Contingent on resources, funding, regulatory environment, etc |
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Why (according to Beer 2017) are algorithms good things with discursive power? |
- Formalization - makes things easier to understand. - Efficiency - through rational means. - Optimization- based on the concept that scaled up information is always smarter |
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The problem with scaling algorithms? |
Favoring quantitative data over qualitative data and over simplifying in the process. |
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Can black boxes be regulated? |
-Scale is a major problem -Large companies are working across international boundaries with different laws -Internet views regulation as an error |
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Standpoint theory |
Intersectional theory that does not rank forms of oppression. -Ex: Noble's black feminist perspective |
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"The Souls of Black Folk" |
W.E.B. Du Bois -Black people live behind a veil separating them from whites -Double consciousness - view of self through eyes of others -Need to know sets of rules for both groups |
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Name 3 innovators of Standpoint Theory |
-Dorothy Smith (feminist standpoint theory) - world not designed for women in workplace -Patricia Hill Collins (the matrix of oppression) - oppression forms build on each other -Sandra Harding (science and standpoint theory) - even the questions we choose to ask are based on social conditioning |
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Political Context: Silicon Valley |
-Libertarian values to regulation -1960s style values on individual freedom -Venture capital gives incentive to "Move fast and break things" |
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Problem with equating users and humanity. |
-Default users often privileged -Privilaged people do not see privilege but the under privileged do (Du Bois) |
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Google's Search Algorithm |
-PageRank -Originally based on "citation" hyperlinking -Now takes other factors (time spent on site etc) into account |
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AdWords |
-People pay for their result to show up. -Long tail trail searches yield more exact results. -AdWords feeds into PageRank even though google claims they are separate. -Can cause inappropriate content to appear. |
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The Filter Bubble |
-Eli Pariser -Personalization filters out content we "won't like" -Creates an echo chamber |
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How might google reproduce inequality? |
-Neutrality in an unequal system helps the dominant party -Google wants people to be predictable and TF profitable |
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Don't be Evil vs. The Profit Motive |
-Monetization of "data exhaust" by google -Monetization of "network data" by Facebook -The rise of surveillance capitalism |
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Zuboff's Surveillance Capitalism |
-Human experience new "raw material" -Predictabilty = profit |
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What is Alphabet? |
The company google created as a "parent" |
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Sidewalk Labs |
2017 project between google and the city of Toronto's waterfront district to create a smart city. -who owns data? -privacy and anonymity? -deal fell apart |
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What challenges does Google create? |
1. Enclosure of public domain 2. Biasing information flow 3. Reproducing inequality 4. Degrading privacy and consent |
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Issues around social media influencers. |
-FTC says they must disclose material connections. -People have a right to know when they are being advertised to -Ads could be simple as a passing mention |
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Web 2.0 |
The interactive web platform emergence in the early 2000s starting with blogs and comment sections. |
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How do social networks share network data and why? |
Through APIs which allow external applications to drive engagement on the platform. -APIs both allow advertisers to use FB data and generate data for FB to sell. |
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How does social media differ from mass media? |
1) PROGRAMABILITY - decentralized 2) POPULARITY - gamified / modifiable 3) CONNECTIVITY - automating user-content connections and cultivating social networks 4) DATAFICATION - real-time datafication predicting engagement |
PPCD |
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How did facebook master the logic of social media? |
PPCD: P: Users can develop the platform P: Like button is a training tool to generate engagement C: Suggested friends and groups D: Monitored connections |
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Problem with Freebasics |
-Violates net neutrality |
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In Weapons of Math Destruction the practice of using credit scores to evaluate potential hires is an example of what? |
A WMD feedback loop. |
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What according to O'Neil turns WMDs from local nuisances to tsunami forces? |
Scale |
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What does Suzor call the early libertarian version of the internet? |
Utopian |
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According to Suzor internet intermediaries seek to ________ people's behavior. |
Govern. |
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Suzor (2019) as a possible option for regulating technology companies? a. Comprehensive privacy regulation b. Making social media platforms liable for content c. Allowing users to transfer their data to other services d. Expanding labor regulations |
d. Expanding labor regulations
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What theoretical approach does Noble take in her book Algorithms of Oppression?
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black feminist approach
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Noble (2018) argues that Google is not in the business of creating "neutral" information algorithms. Instead, it primarily creates what?
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Advertising algorithms
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The founders of Google based their search algorithm on theories of citation in scholarly contexts, but in practice they designed the algorithm to measure what?
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Hyperlinking
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What is the name of Google's search architecture?
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Page rank
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According to Noble (2018), what multibillion dollar industry impacts the value and results of particular keywords and keyword combinations searched on Google?
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Search engine optimization
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What is the term that characterized the shift from seeing the world wide web as place to publish information, to a place in which users could become producers of software, content, or applications?
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Web 2.0
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Facebook is best understood as a platform because it allows third parties to develop applications (e.g. Tinder) that integrate Facebook's social graph data. What does the author (Helmond 2015) identify as the thing that allows for this access?
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An application programming interface (API)
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What "ubiquitous" tool allows Facebook to collect data from other websites?
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The Like button
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According to van Dijck and Poell (2013), popularity on social media is different from popularity in previous forms of mass media because with social media, popularity measures are also:
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Manipulated by users
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In the logic of social media, the element of connectivity describes human connectedness, but it also describes ______________, which uses algorithms to strategically connect users to content, other users, platforms, and advertisers.
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Automated personalization
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According toPhillips (2015), the behavior of internet trolls often directly aligns with the strategies of what group?
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Social media marketers
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Phillips (2015) compares trolls to what mythical archetype?
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The trickster
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While early scholars defined "trolls" and "trolling" in terms of the effects of their behavior, by the mid-2000s, scholars and trolls themselves started to think of trolling as what?
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A subculture
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Phillips (2015) argues that "lulz" are ____________, or that they tend to appear as commodities separated from the conditions of their production.
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Fetishistic
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What is the most commonly used anonymous system on the so-called "dark web"?
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Tor
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According to Citron (2015), federal laws in the US related to cyber stalking and cyber harassment are under enforced partly because of a lack of resources. What other reason does she give for this under enforcement?
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They are not prioritized.
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Citron (2015) argues that cyber harassment should not be covered by free speech protections on debate because most often it is the intention of harassers to do what?
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Stop victims from engaging in speech
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Citron (2015) points out that recently, social media companies have based their attempts to curb cyber harassment on the concept of __________.
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Digital citizenship
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Massanari (2017) argues that to discuss nerd and geek culture is to discuss what?
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Masculinity
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Massanari (2017) argues that the critical factor that makes anti-feminist material on Reddit so prominent is what?
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The karma point system
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What is the advertising industry term for ads that are only seen by the intended audience, are obscured by the flow of posts within the Facebook News Feed and are ephemeral?
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Dark post ads
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What term used by a BuzzFeed journalist to identify pro-Trump posts on Facebook lacking veracity was co-opted by the Trump team as a derisive term for the mainstream media?
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Fake news
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Vaidhyanathan (2018) argues that all disinformation has the same goal. What is that goal?
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To undermine trust in civic norms and institutions
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According to Tufecki (2017), which of the following is NOT a goal of state censorship in the digital era?
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Showing force by cutting off internet access.
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What term named after a famous actress describes the paradoxical process by which attempts to censor information on the internet actually have the effect of amplifying and broadening access to that information?
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The Streisand effect
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According to Brown (2012) Anthropometry, Craniometry, and Phrenology were all used in the early 20th century to classify people as what?
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Criminals
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What early form of surveillance operated by restricting the movements of black slaves in the American south?
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The slave pass
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In 19th century poorhouses, inmates often lost their basic civil rights when they were forced to do what?
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Swear a pauper's oath
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In a reversal of the previous approach to welfare, New Deal welfare policies saw able-bodied white male wage-workers who were suddenly unemployed as the _____________.
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Deserving poor
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According to Eubanks (2017), computers and computerized systems became popular tools for shrinking public welfare in the 1970s because they did what?
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Increased scrutiny and surveillance
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