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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Coined the term riniscita
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Vasari
(An Italian artist and art historian) |
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An example of Perpendicular Gothic from the 16th century; evidence of the lasting impacts of the Middle Ages.
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King's College Chapel, Cambridge, 1547
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England and France were born as nations following this event
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Hundred Years' War
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Unified Spain in 1469
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Marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille
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While other areas of Europe were consolidating into nations (Swedish Empire, France, England, Spain...), these two areas were comprised of many small states
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Italy and Germany
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Italian territory long disputed by both the Houses of Anjou and Aragon
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Kingdom of Naples
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Which House eventually took control of the Kingdom of Naples in 1435?
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House of Aragon
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What other Italian territory did the House of Aragon also control?
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Sicily
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The Papal States acted as a buffer between __________
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The feudal south and the commercial north
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The Papal States also joined _________
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Adriatic Sea (east) to Mediterranean (west)
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The Renaissance first flourished where?
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The city-states of northern Italy
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Specifically what city-state did the Renaissance first appear in?
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Florence
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From the late thirteenth century until 1447, this family had despotic rule over Milan
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Viconti family
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After the Viconti family's rule, Milan became _______
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A republic
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Who made himself Duke of Milan by starving the city into submission?
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Francesco Sforza
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Family that controlled Ferrara
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Este family
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Family that controlled Mantua
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Ganzaga family
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Known as the most immoral of popes
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Alexander VI (Borgia family)
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Pope Leo X belonged to what family?
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Medici
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The three outstanding republics of Italy
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Florence, Venice, Siena
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Although a republic by name, Siena was actually a _________
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Oligarchy
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Florence's Councils were dominated by _________
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The Medici family
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Venice, even though it boasted a constitution with a system of checks and balances, was actually a _______
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Mercantile oligarchy
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The most stable Italian state
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Venice
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Faction that favored and relied on the old Imperial connection (aka Holy Roman Emperors)
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Ghibellines
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Faction that opposed the Holy Roman Empire and looked to the papacy for support
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Guelphs
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This bourgeois (middle-class citizens) in Italy of this guild sufforted a sharp decline during the Renaissance
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Woolen guild
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Instead, what country took control of the woolen trade?
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England
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Guilds during the Renaissance:
A) Grew in influence rapidly B) Grew in influence slowly C) Lost influence rapidly D) Lost influence slowly |
D) Lost influence slowly
- lost control of their own members and lost influence in society at large. Still were important during the Renaissance, however. |
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Neither freeholders or leaseholders, but people who controlled land for X amount of years in exchange for services
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copyholders
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Serfdom _______ in Western Europe and _______ in Europe East of the Elbe (Eastern Germany and Slavic areas)
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Decreased; Increased
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Layman who wrote the Divine Comedy
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Dante (1261-1321)
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Made the language of their native Tuscan that of Italy; pioneered writing in Italian vernacular
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Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio
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Pioneered vernacular writing in England
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Wycliffe and Chaucer
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Pioneered vernacular writing in France
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Rabelais
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Pioneered vernacular writing in Spain
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Cervantes
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Humanitas
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Means a literary refinement and mental cultivation that goes far beyond academic discipline. (Has origins with Cicero)
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Wrote The Courtier
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Castiglione
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Italian city with tripartite constitution
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Milan
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Three classes of Milan's tripartite
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1) The great nobles
2) The lesser nobles (knights + squires) 3) The non-nobles (plebeians) |
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The first despots of Milan
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The Della Torre family (most of the 13th century)
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The Della Torre family were the leaders of what faction?
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Guelf (pro-Pope, anti-Holy Roman Emperor)
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What family seized power in Milan from the Della Torres?
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Viconti family
Archbishop Ottone Visconti in 1277 |
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The Viconti family headed what faction?
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Ghibellines (anti-Pope, pro-Holy Roman Emperor)
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The Visconti family rule in Milan was characterized by this
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Territorial aggression
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The Viscontis were in constant conflict with the papacy. What were the two major weapons that the Pope used against the Visconti?
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Excommunication and Crusades
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In 1354, these two brothers of the Visconti family became the joint rulers of Milan
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Galeazzo (western areas) and Bernab (eastern areas)
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Galeazzo's son, who took control of his domains when he died in 1378.
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Gian Galeazzo
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Harsh gaming laws, where a man could be hanged for killing boar, were associated with what person?
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Bernab (Visconti)
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Attained complete control of Milan in 1385
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Gian Galeazzo
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Buildings that Gian Galeazzo sponsored
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The cathedral of Milan
The Certosa (Carthesian monastery) |
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How was Gian Galeazzo associated with the French claim to Milan?
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His daughter Valentina married the brother of a French king. One of their descendants later became king of Franch.
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Gian Galeazzo was never able to complete his takeover of Florence, which he laid seige to in 1402 due to what?
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His death
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What city was the only one complete untouched by Gian Galeazzo's domination of Northern Italy?
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Venice
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Took control of Milan after Gian Galeazzo's death
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Giovanni Maria (his eldest son)
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Took control of Milan after Giovanni Maria's death in 1412
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Filippo Maria (Giovanni's brother and last of the Visconti rulers)
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After Filippo Maria's death in 1447, who was hired by the Milanese people to defend their city?
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Francesco Sforza
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Instead of defending Milan, what did Francesco Sforza do?
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Laid siege to Milan and took control of it in 1450
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Who assisted Francesco Sforza's takeover of Milan?
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Cosimo de' Medici
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What ended conflct between Italian states, becoming the basis of a league of the states, and maintained peace between the states until 1494?
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The Peace of Lodi, 1454
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Joint effort between these states maintained peace in Italy between 1454 and 1494
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Florence, Milan, and Naples
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What state did Sforza secure for Milan from France?
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Genoa
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Who took control of Milan in 1466 after Franceso Sforza's death?
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Galeazzo Maria (his son)
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How did Galeazzo Maria die?
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Killed by republican-loving conspirators in a church in 1476 (Galeazzo Maria leaned towards absolutism)
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Official rule of Milan was left to Galeazzo Maria's son, Gian Galaeazzo upon his death. What man, who was a brother of Galeazzo Maria, had the real control of Milan?
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Ludovico the Moor
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What two famous artists did Ludovico sponsor?
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Leonardo da Vinci and Bramante (architect)
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What foreign power did Ludovico bring to Italy to intervene?
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France
(Charles VIII) |
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Why did Ludovico bring the French rule to Italy?
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His wife (a Borgia - i think - from the ruling family of Naples) broke up the alliance between Naples, Milan, Florence. And, Lorenzo the Magnificent died in 1492, and Naples became a threat to Ludovico's rule.
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What was the consequence of Ludovico bringing French rule to Italy?
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Brought the beginning of invasions that ended Italian freedom and subjected it to foreign domination for centuries.
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Who settled the area of Venice in the 5th century?
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Refugees from the mainland fleeing from Hunnish and German invaders
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What was the mainstay of Venice's wealth and industry
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Sea trade
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Venice had trading priveledges with:
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1) Byzantines
2) Germans 3) Mohammedans |
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This group took power in Venice by the 6th century
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Merchant aristocracy
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What is a doge?
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The presiding officer of Venice's merchant oligarchy
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What was the Small Council?
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A council of 6 people that acted as a permanent advisory to Venetian government
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What was the Great Council?
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A council of over 2000 people that held the power in Venice and from which all other governmental bodies were formed. (including Senate)
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What was the result of the "closing" of the Great Council in 1297?
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Only members of about 200 of the great merchant families in Venice could be on the Great Council
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A political uprising in 1310 in Venice, though repressed, led to the formation of what?
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The Council of Ten
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What was the purpose of the Council of Ten?
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To protect the Venetian government against conspiracy plots
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Most famous conspiracy plot in Venice
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That of Marubi Faliero, the doge of Venice at the time, in 1355 (unsuccessful)
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How was Venice able to exert control over the Byzantine empire?
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It directed the Fourth Crusade (1204) from an attack to regain the Holy Land to an attack on Constantinople.
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What did this control allow Venetian merchants to do?
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Extend the area of their trade influence into Russia, the Crimea, and Asia Minor
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Who was Venice's main rival during the 13th and 14th centuries?
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Genoa (also was into sea trade)
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Between what years were Genoa and Venice in conflict with each other?
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1294 to 1381
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What events allowed Venice to dominate Italian sea trade by the end of the 14th century?
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Genoa was struggling with internal problems and fell under French domination by 1396
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What Venetian lived in the Mongol Empire as an official of the Great Khan from 1275 to 1292?
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Marco Polo
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During what century was Venice at its height?
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15th century
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What gold coin minted in Venice was valued for its reliable worth?
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The ducat (minted since 1284)
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What led to a decline in Venice beginning at the 16th century?
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1) The advance of the Ottoman Turks into eastern Europe; Venetian colony in Constantinople destroyed in 1453; by 1540 the Morea and most Greek islands were lost to the Turks
2) Portuguese found an all-water route to the East in late 15th century 3) Plague outbreak 4) Shortage of timber for shipbuilding |
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Long after the rest of Italy had been subjected to Spanish power, Venice remained free. When was Venice finally conquered?
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At the end of the 18th century by Napoleon
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The last great medieval emperor of Italy
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Frederick II (died 1250)
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Reliable coinage of Florence first minted in 1252
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The gold florin
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Florence was dominated by what faction?
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Guelf (pro-pope, anti-Holy Roman Empire)
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Benefits of Florence's good relations with the papacy
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1) Banking business of the papacy
2) Merchant priveledges in areas of Papal influence |
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The magnates (aristocratic rulers) of Florence were taken over by who/what in 1282-83?
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The merchant and banker class
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The ruling class of Florence (after 1283) comprising of guilds of merchants and bankers
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Popolo (translated = "people")
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The lesser guilds of Florence
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Popolo minuto ("little people")
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The greater guilds of Florence
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Popolo grasso ("fat people")
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How many guilds were there in Florence?
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21
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How many lesser guilds (popolo minuto) were there in Florence?
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14
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How many greater guilds (popolo grasso) were there in Florence?
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7
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What comprised the executive body of Florence's government?
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6-8 priors
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How were the priors chosen?
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Choosen by lot (slightly skewed in favor of the greater guilds)
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How long did the serving term of a prior last?
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2 months
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Who had no political power whatsoever in Florence?
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The workers (not members of any guilds/not allowed to form their own guilds)
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The merchants and bankers that took control of Florence in 1282 were able to consolidate their position by creating what?
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The Ordinances of Justice of 1293.
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What did the Ordinances of Justice of 1293 do?
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Penalized the former ruling class of magnates
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