Lauren Psych Review

Front 1

the focus of developmental psychology?

Back 1

1.The impact of genes and experience on development

2.Whether development is best described as gradual and continuous or as a sequence of separate stages

3. Whether personality traits remain stable or change over the life span

Front 2

the beginning stages of life

Back 2

a. Zygotes- the fertilized egg
b. Embryo- the developing human organism – 2 weeks after fertilization thru 2nd month
c. Fetus – 9 weeks after coneption human like

Front 3

Piaget’s theory of development.

Back 3

that the minds attempt to make sense of its surroundings by developing schemas. – concept of how we interpret info

Front 4

Erikson’s stages.

Back 4

1 year: Trust vs. mistrust


2nd year: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt


3 to 5 years: Initiative vs. guilt


6 years: Competence or inferiority


20 to 40 years: Intimacy vs. isolation


40 to 60 years: generativity vs. stagnation


65+: Integrity vs. despair

Front 5

teratogens

Back 5

Chemicals viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development .

Front 6

Maturation

Back 6

Orderly changes in behavior ; uninfluenced by behavior

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Habituation

Back 7

learning in which responding decreases with repeated stimulation

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Accommodation

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ADJUSTING our percption of info provided by new experiences

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Assimilation

Back 9

interpreting new experience in terms of our current

Front 10

Heritability

Back 10

variation among memebrs of a group can be attributed to genes

Front 11

Temperament

Back 11

a person’s characteristic EMOTIONAL reactivity and intensity

Front 12

Secure Attachment

Back 12

nurtured; leads to secure independence

Front 13

Insecure attachment

Back 13

the FEEL that mom will not respond neglect

Front 14

genes’ role in development.

Back 14

Eviorment triggers gene activity
Our genes affect how people react to and influence us. Nature enables nurture

Front 15

the different parenting styles

Back 15

Authoritarian
Permissive
*Authoritative-demanding but responsive warm and concerned

Front 16

difference between sensation and perception

Back 16

Sensation= sensory info
Perception= the interpretation of what you sense

Front 17

bottom-down and top-up processing

Back 17

Bottom up – “from the sense in”

Top down- “from the brain”
Knowledge base info

Front 18

types of intelligence

Back 18

Fluid Intelligence – ones ability reason and abstract ability *decreases with age

Crystallized – accumulated knowledge (facts verbal skills)

Front 19

Weber’s law

Back 19

the principle that, to be perceived as different two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage rather than a constant amount.

Front 20

Sensory adaptation

Back 20

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Front 21

types and locations of damage involved in hearing

Back 21

Damage to hair cells account for most hearing loss

Sensorineural hearing loss- (nerve deafness ) = linked with heredity and aging

Front 22

hearing theories.

Back 22

Place Theory- links the pich we hear with the place where the cochelas membrane is stimulated


Frequency theory - the brain reads pitch by monitoring the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve

Front 23

the make-up of the eye

Pupil

Back 23

a small adjustable opening surrounded by the iris

Front 24

The make up of the eye

Iris

Back 24

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye
Around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening .

Front 25

the make up of the eye

lens

Back 25

beihind the pupil ; FOCUSES incoming light rays inot an image on the retina

Front 26

the make up of the eye
retina

Back 26

the light –sensitive inner surface of the eye containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that being the processing visual information.

Front 27

Rods

Back 27

retinal receptors that detect black white and grey ; function in twilight

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cones

Back 28

retinal recepors that are concentrated near the cinter of the retina function in daylight

Front 29

two theories regarding sight
Tri color theory&
Opponent-process theory

Back 29

– retina contains three different color receptors green red blue

–red/ green , yellow/blue white/ black enable color EX RED EXIT SIGN TURNING GREEN

Front 30

Rubber hand illusion

Back 30

proprioception= knowing where your limbs are in space

Front 31

Thresholds - absoulute & diffrence

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the amount of time any stimulous takes to be aware of at least 50% of the time
Ex : sound &visual

– the minimun diffrence between two stimuli required for detection 50 precent of the time.

Front 32

Sound waves

Back 32

vary in frequency length and determines the pitch

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Short waves =
Longwaves=

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high frequency
low frequency

Front 34

Classical conditioning

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learning by assoiciation between stimuli

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Operant conditioning

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= when your actions are associated with your behavior has a direct consequence.

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Positive reinforcement

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strengthens a response by presenting a plesureable stimulus after a response

Front 37

Negative reinforcement

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strengthens response by reducing or removing something undesireable or unpleasant . “asprin for a headache” the pain increases the odds that you will repeat the behaviors

Front 38

Primamary reinforcers

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satisfying a BIOLOGICAL need

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Conditioned reineforers (secondary)

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gainging reinforcing power learned through association

Front 40

Negative reinforcement REMOVES A PUNISHING EVENT!!!

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– strengthens response by reducing or removing something undesireable or unpleasant . “asprin for a headache” the pain increases the odds that you will repeat the behaviors

Front 41

Extinction-

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the declining response to a stimuli

Front 42

Generalization-

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- the tendency to responed to a similar conditioned stimuli to elict similar responses
( a dog contioned to salvate when rubbed would also drool a bit when scratched “)

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Discrimination

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- to DISTIGUISH between a condition stimulus and onther irrelevant stimuli

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spontaneous recovery

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weakened or suppressed conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus

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Scales of Reinforcement ––
fixed ratio

Back 45

offers rewards after a number of responses

Front 46

Scales of Reinforcement
Variable interval –

Back 46

unpredictable time periods

Front 47

Scales of Reinforcement
Fixed intrerval

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offers rewars after SET TIME periods

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Automatic process

Back 48

unconscious encoding of incidental info ex learning time and word meanings

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Effortful encoding

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requires attention and conscious EFFORT. Produces durable and accessible memories

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Semantic

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the encoding of meaning ex words < porcesses works best to help you recognize words

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Iconic memory

Back 51

- momentary sensory photographic visual memomry

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Echoic memory

Back 52

of auditory stimuli ; linger for 3 to 4 seconds

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Serial postioning

Back 53

is our tendency to remember the first and last items on a list

Front 54

Spacing

Back 54

our tendancy to retain info more easily if we distribute our rehersal than if we cram in one long session

Front 55

proactive and retroactive

Back 55

-The disruptive effect of NEW learning on the recall of old info

- the disruptive affect of PRIOR learning on the recall of new info

Front 56

Taste buds

Back 56

Sweet = energy
salty= sodium
sour= toxic acid
bitter= potiential posons
umami= protiens

Front 57

Smell

Back 57

olfactory

Front 58

Vestibular

Back 58

the sense of body movement and position sense of balance

Front 59

Kenesthesia

Back 59

your sense of the postion and movement of your body parts