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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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split-brain operation
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cutting the wide band of fibers, called the corpus callosum, that connects the right and left hemispheres.
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psychometrics
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concerned with developing psychology logical tests that assess an individual's abilities, skills, beliefs and personality traits in a wide range of settings.
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psychometric approach
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measures or quantifies cognitive abilities or factors that are thought to be involved in intellectual performance.
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spearman's two-factor theory
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intelligence has two factors: a general mental ability factor, g, which represents general intelligence, plus many specific factors, s, which include specific mental abilities.
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gardner's multiple-intelligence theory
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instead of one kind of general intelligence, there are at least nine different kinds.
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sternberg's triarchic theory
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intelligence can be divided into three different kinds of reasoning processes: analytical, problem solving and practical.
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binet-simon intelligence scale
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contained items arranged in order of increasing difficulty. the items measured vocab, memory, common knowledge and other cognitive abilities.
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mental age
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a method of estimating a child's intellectual progress by comparing the child's score on an intelligence test to the scores of average children of the same age.
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
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computed by dividing a child's mental age by the child's chronological age and multiplying the result by 100.
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wechsler adult intelligence scale/wechsler intelligence scale for children
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have items that are organized into carious subtests. the verbal and performance scored are combined to give a single IQ score.
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validity
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means that the test measures what it is supposed to measure.
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reliability
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refers to consistency: a person's score on a test at one point in time should be similar to the score obtained bu the same person on a similar test at a later point in time.
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normal distribution
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refers to a statistical arrangement of scores so that they resemble the shape of a bell and, thus, is said to be a bell-shaped curve. the vast majority of the scores fall in the middle.
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mental retardation
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refers to a substantial limitation in present functioning that is characterized by significantly subaverage intellectual functioning.
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organic retardation
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results from genetic problems or brain damage.
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cultural-familial retardation
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results from a greatly impoverished environment. there is no evidence of genetic or brain damage.
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gifted children
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moderately gifted: usually defined by an IQ score between 130 and 150. gifted: usually has an IQ score about 180 or above.
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cultural bias
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means that the wording of the questions and the experiences on which the questions are based are more familiar to member of some social groups than to others.
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nonintellectual factors
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refer to noncognitive factors, such as attitude, experience and emotional functioning, that may help or hinder performance on tests.
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nature-nurture question
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asks how nature (hereditary or genetic factors) interacts with nurture (environmental factors) in the development of a person's abilities.
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fraternal twins
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develop from separate eggs and have 50% of their genes in common.
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identical twins
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develop from a single egg and thus have identical genes.
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heritability
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a number that indicated the amount or proportion of some ability, characteristic or trait that can be attributed to genetic factors (nature).
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reaction range
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indicates the extent to which traits, abilities or IQ scores may increase or decrease as a result of interaction with environmental factors.
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intervention program
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helps disadvantaged children from low socioeconomic classes to achieve better intellectual, social and personal-emotional development, as well as physical health.
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cognitive approach
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is on method of studying how we process, store and use information and how this information, in turn, influences what we notice, perceive, learn, remember, believe and feel.
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thinking
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involves mental processes that are used to form concepts, solve problems and engage in certain activities.
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language
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special form of communication in which we learn and use complex rules to form and manipulate symbols that are used to generate an endless number of meaningful sentences.
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concept
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a way to group or classify objects. events, animals or people based on some features, traits or characteristics of a particular thing.
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exemplar model
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says that you form a concept of an object, event animal or person by defining or making a mental list of the essential characteristics of a particular thing.
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prototype theory
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says that you form a concept by creating a mental image that is based on the average characteristics of an object.
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problem solving
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involves searching for some rule, plan or strategy that results in our reaching a certain goal that is currently out of reach
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algorithms
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are a fixed set of rules that, if followed correctly, will eventually lead to a solution.
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heuristics
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rules of thumb, or clever and creative mental shortcuts, that reduce the number of operations and allow one to solve problems more easily and quickly.
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availability heuristic
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we rely on information that is more prominent or easily recalled and overlook other information that is available but less prominent or notable.
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functional fixedness
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refers to a mental set characterized bu the inability to see an object as having a function different from its usual one.
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insight
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the sudden grasp on a solution after many incorrect attempts.
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analogy
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strategy for finding a similarity between the new situation and an old, familiar situation.
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subgoals
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strategy that involves breaking down the overall problem into separate parts that, when completed in order, will result in a solution.
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creative thinking
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combination of flexibility in thinking and reorganization of understanding to produce innovative ideas and new or novel solutions.
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creative individual
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someone who regularly solves problems, fashions products or defines new questions that make an impact on his or her society.
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convergent thinking
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beginning with a problem and coming up with a single correct solution.
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divergent thinking
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beginning with a problem and coming up with many different solutions.
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savants
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10% of autistic individuals who show some incredible memory, music or drawing talent.
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language
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special form of communication that involves learning complex rules to make and combing symbols into an endless number of meaningful sentences.
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word
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arbitrary pairing between a sound or symbol and a meaning.
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grammar
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set of rules for combining words into phrases and sentences to express an infinite number of thoughts that can be understood by others.
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surface structure
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refers to the actual wording of a sentence, as it is spoken.
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deep structure
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refers to an underlying meaning tht is not spoken but is present in the mind of the listener.
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transformational rules
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procedures by which we convert out ideas from surface syructures into deep structures and from deep structures back into surface ones.
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chomsky's theory of language
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says that all languages share a common universal grammar and that children inherit a mental program to learn this universal grammar.
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language stages
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refer to all infants going through four different periods or stages.
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babbling
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first stage. infants make one syllable sounds.
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single word
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second stage. infants say words that usually refer to what they can see, hear or feel.
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parentese
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a way of speaking to young children in which the adult speaks in a slower and higher than normal voice.
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two-word combinations
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third stage. infants say stings of two words that express various actions.
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sentences
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fourth stage.
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telegraphic speech
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the infant excludes articles, prepositions and parts of the verb.
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basic rules of grammar
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rules for combining, nouns, verbs, adjectives and other parts of speech to form meaningful sentences.
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overgeneralization
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applying a grammatical rule to cases where is should not be used. ex) goed.
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innate language factors
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genetically programmed physiological and neurological features that facilitate our making speech sounds and acquiring language skills.
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critical language period
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the time from infancy to adolescence when language is easiest to learn.
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environmental language factors
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refer to interactions children have with people who provide feedback that encourages language development.
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social cognitive learning
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the acquisition of language skills through social interactions.
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theory of linguistic relativity
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states that the differences among languages result in similar differences in how people think and perceive the world.
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dyslexia
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difficulty learning to read. causes include genetic and environmental factors.
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communication
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the ability to use sounds, smells or gestures to exchange information.
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