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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Symbolic racism
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Symbolic racism: feeling by whites that blacks are making illegitimate demands for change
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Hegemony:
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Hegemony: ideas of one group dominate or exert a predominant influence on the major cultural and social institutions, these ideas explain social reality
“the ideas of the ruling class are the ruling ideas” Marx |
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Sexism:
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Sexism: individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward a people of a given gender or institutional practices that subordinate people of a given gender
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Gender Roles
Family context Value of men & women |
Gender Roles
Family context Value of men & women Role of woman – mother, cook, cleaner Role of man- provider ($$), disciplinarian |
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Historical Family Context
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Historical Family Context
Idealized Indigenous Gendered Family Roles Influence of European/Spanish culture on gender & family Chicana Movement What is the definition of family? What is the role of women within the family? What rights do women have over their bodies? |
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Sexuality & Gender Roles
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Sexuality & Gender Roles
Women – high importance of virginity Men – need for conquests Homosexuality – not living up to expectations (procreate, going against type for femininity or masculinity, replicating stereotyped gendered expectations) |
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Goal of Course
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Goal of Course
Develop critical thinking and writing skills through examining contemporary social issues focusing on Latinos/as Focus on issues of immigration, social class, ethnic identity, language Diversity within ethnic groups |
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Recent Census
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Recent Census
12.5 % U.S. Population were Latino (35.3 million) 58.5% Mexican 9.6% Puerto Rican 4.8% Central American 3.8% South American 3.5% Cuban Different populations in different regions of the country |
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Ethnic Gloss
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ethnic labels that gloss over the richness and cultural variation within ethnic groups, glosses over unique lifeways and thoughtways of ethnic groups
---leads to mis representation |
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History
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History
Involvement in WWII Fighting for Independence Blair House (Puerto Rico) Cuban Revolution Civil Rights Revolution Involvement 70’s & 80’s immigration Marielitos from Cuba Civil War in El Salvador Dominican immigration |
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Immigration
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Immigration
Push - Pull Factors Economic & Family influences to immigrate Business of undocumented immigration Increased enforcement of border in 80’s & 90’s - War on Drugs 35% of Mexican Americans are immigrants |
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Gender & Latinos
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Gender & Latinos
Machismo & Marianismo Fluid & dynamic & socially constructed influenced by social norms Working class context for women |
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Kernels of Truth & Stereotypes
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Kernels of Truth & Stereotypes
generalizations about a person or group of people where the same characteristics are assigned to all members usually based on limited information reinforced by repitition (ex: media) influence social expectations |
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Need to know
Ethnic Label |
Need to know
Pan-ethnic label definition First use of Latino in 2000 Census 1970 first time use of Hispanic Percentage of Population 12.5% of U.S. population Mexican 58% of Latinos, Puerto Rican 10% of Latinos, Central American 5% of Latinos |
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Need to Know
Where do Latinos live? |
Need to know
Where do Latinos live? California, Texas, New York, Florida, Illinois, Arizona & New Jersey More Mexican descent in West, more Puerto Ricans in Northeast, more Cubans in South (Florida) |
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Ethnic Labels
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Mestizo = mixture of indigenous & European descent
Latinos have multiple racial influences Ethnic labels have multiple uses identity, political, national, nativity, etc Difference between race & ethnicity |
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Gender
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Definitions of Machismo & Marianismo as complex (both positive and negative)
Top 5 jobs of Latinas 1996 50% working Latinas Where do gender roles come from? Socialized from early childhood, social expectations |
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History
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general information on each generation
1800s, early 1900s, late 1900s Major policies regarding immigration & incorporation of Latin American territories Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of Paris, Jones Act, Industrial Incentives, Bracero Program, |
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Social Location in the U.S.
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Social Location in the U.S.
Race - Phenotype Ethnicity -cultural differences Class - income level/status of occupation / education Gender Sexuality Invisible Voices |
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Gender Roles in Latino Context
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Gender Roles in Latino Context
Marianismo mother as center of family, caring for others, nurturing martyr, self-sacrificing, virginal |
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Machismo
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Machismo
brave, courageous,protector, provider womanizer, domineering, patriarchal |
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Research & Gender Roles
1949 study in Mexico |
Research & Gender Roles
1949 study in Mexico 91% of men & 90% of women agreed a woman’s place is in the home 1982 study in Puerto Rico family decision making was joint or up to the mother 1983 study in New Mexico allegiance to traditional roles, but no strict division of labor |
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Latinas & Working
1996 in the U.S. |
Latinas & Working
1996 in the U.S. 53% Mexican American Women Work 53% Cuban American Women Work 47% Puerto Rican Women Work 46% have less than college degree 9% college grads 1 in four Latino households are female-headed households |
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Latinas and Working
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Latinas & Working
Garment Workers Florida 95% workers were women of color California: majority Mexican female, 2/3 born in U.S., 9/10 unmarried |
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What are top 5 jobs held by Latinas
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What are top 5 jobs held by Latinas
Cashiers Secretaries Sales worker, retail Janitor/cleaner Nursing Aides |
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Latino Generations
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(1800s) Creation Generation
(1900s) Migrant Generation (WWII-Vietnam) Mexican American Generation (late 1960s) Chicano/a Generation |
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1800s Creation Generation
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1848
Incorporation of Northern Mexico into the U.S. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Prejudice from the Mexican American war Racial inferiority was common in the south Land taken |
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(1900s) Generation immigration History
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(1900s)
History 1898: Spanish American War Treaty of Paris: Cuba & Puerto Rico 1917 Jones Act Puerto Rico incorporated Cuba becomes a republic Political upheavals in Mexico- Mexican Revolution Largest waves of European immigrants 22 million |
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1900s Migrant Generation
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1900s Migrant Generation
Economics 1947 Industrial Incentives Act tax breaks for U.S. companies in Puerto Rico export approx. 1 million Puerto Ricans comes to U.S. 1943 Bracero Program 4.8 million workers from Mexico Operation Wetback |
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WWII-Vietnam War Mexican American Generation
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WWII-Vietnam War Mexican American Generation
Many fought in WWII Over half a million Mexican Americans were recruited Change from agricultural labor to unskilled urban workers Puerto Rican’s fight for independence from U.S. Mexican Americans fighting for rights Sleepy Lagoon Riots Zoot Suit Riots |
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WWII-Vietnam War Mexican American Generation
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WWII-Vietnam War Mexican American Generation
Many fought in WWII Over half a million Mexican Americans were recruited Change from agricultural labor to unskilled urban workers Puerto Rican’s fight for independence from U.S. Blair House - 1950 1954 attempt on Truman Mexican Americans also fighting for rights Sleepy Lagoon Riots Zoot Suit Riots |
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60’sChicano Generation
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60’sChicano Generation
Cuban Revolution Castro overthrows capitalist regime & tries to erase catholicism Bay of Pigs - 1961 / Economic Embargo 1962 1 million Cubans leave Bilingual Education established in Florida 1960 Civil Rights Revolution. El Movimiento - Aztlan (Mecha) Reies Lopez Tijerina - “Tierra o Muerte”1967 Cesar Chavez - farmworkers 17 million Americans boycott grapes - 1970 La Raza Unida Party |
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70’s & 80’s
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70’s & 80’s
1980 Marielitos 120,000 refugees Civil Unrest in Central America approx. 2.5 million from El Salvador Dominican Republic Trujillo assassinated & economy suffered 1961 many immigrated to U.S. |
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Recent Immigration Policy
1986 Immigration Reform & Control Act 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act |
Recent Immigration Policy
1986 Immigration Reform & Control Act penalize employers of undocuments demonstrate citizenship upon start of new job permanent resident status living in U.S. 5 years or more 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act enhanced border enforcement |
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Immigration & Border
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Immigration & Border
Mid-late 1990s INS budget increased by 68% Border guards increased by 85% Congress limits immigrant’s access to welfare California Proposition 187 to limit undocument access to health care and public schools |
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4 Legal Ways to Enter U.S.
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4 Legal Ways to Enter U.S.
Family Sponsored Employment Based Diversity Immigrants 55,000 visas from remote countries Refugees based on persecution of a particular social group |
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Myth #1:U.S. Overrun by Immigrants
% foreign born |
Myth #1:U.S. Overrun by Immigrants
Total number of immigrants has increased but total % is lower than ever 10% of U.S. population is foreign-born Annually less than 1% increase Primarily in six states California, New York, Texas, Florida, New Jersey, Illinois |
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Myth #2“Cost” of Immigrants
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Myth #2“Cost” of Immigrants
$240 billion in income $90 billion in taxes $5 billion in welfare majority of immigrants on welfare are refugees less than 1.5% of refugees come to U.S. many refugees suffer from PTSD or clinical depression Do NOT take jobs away |
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Myth #3:Immigrants don’t want to be part of U.S. society
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Myth #3:Immigrants don’t want to be part of U.S. society
1 out of 3 become naturalized citizens demand for ESL classes outweighs supply 75% speak English after at least 15 years. Immigrants & refugees intermarry, rate of 1 to 3. |
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Critical Questions to Ask
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Critical Questions to Ask
Sending Society - Push factors under what conditions did they leave? Receiving Society - Pull factors what is the context that the U.S. is receiving immigrants? -militarization of the border Economic Situation changing economic status can be stressful Family Situation most cannot immigrate with families intact |
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Undocumented
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Undocumented
Coyote revenue guide($), driver($$), arranger($$$$) each step has high danger potential Cheap Labor low pay no rights (no unions) health issues (fields & factories) poor living conditions |
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Immigration Review
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Review
$25-30 billion more paid in taxes than used in services for education & public assistance 85% of immigrants come to U.S. legally less than 2% receive welfare compared to 3.7% of U.S. population |
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Percent and Education
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Percent & Education
Mexican Americans 1960 15% were Mexican immigrants 1999 35% were Mexican immigrants High School Graduation or higher Native 84% Foreign Born 65% Latin American born 47% Mexico born 31% South Americans 78% |
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Economics
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Economics
Up to 2.5 million hired nationwide Employed 25 weeks a year (a little over 8 months a year) $6,000 a year in wages receive few benefits because employers do not report Social Security children as young as 10 are often hired |
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Health
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Health
4 of 5 do not have health insurance 1/3 of child workers are injured while working 300,000 acute illnesses and injuries from pesticides per year |
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Pesticide Use in top 5 CA crops
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Pesticide Use
Top 5 crops using most pesticide in CA grapes (table,raisin), grapes (wine), cotton, tomatoes, almonds Effects on health carcinogens- cause cancer reproductive hazards nerve toxins neurological damage & tissue/organ damage |
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Dolores Huerta
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Dolores Huerta
Born New Mexico 1960 Agricultural Workers Assoc. 1966 first UFWOC contract with Schenley Wine 1966, the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), later to be renamed the United Farm Workers of America (UFW) |
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Cesar Chavez
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Cesar Chavez
Born in Yuma, AZ worked as migrant farmworker 1962 founded National Farmworkers Assoc. 1968 (25 days), 1972 (24 days), 1988 (36 days) 1970 grape growers accepted union contracts |
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What does language mean for Latinos?
Meaning of Spanish for Latinos |
What does language mean for Latinos?
Meaning of Spanish for Latinos cultural - biculural - identity pronounciation of names bilingual vs. monolingual reaffirmative adaptation Americanization vs. Multiculturalism |
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Bilingualism
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Bilingualism
Bilingual vs. Monolingual better mental health better relations with family members Spanglish hybrid form of Spanish & English mixed new view of Latino identity as fusion of cultures since 1965-1970s dual impact on English & Spanish |
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Bilingual Notes
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18% in U.S. speak a language other than English
28% speak Spanish (over half of this group also report speaking English very well) |
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History of Bilingual Education
English as a Second Language / |
History of Bilingual Education
English as a Second Language / Immersion 5% enrolled in 1969 Bilingual Ed start in Dade County Florida for Cuban Refugee children Children performed as well or better than monolingual classes |
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History of Bilingual Ed
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History of Bilingual Ed
1967 Texas senator allot federal funds remedy for poor educational outcomes of Latinos 1968 Bilingual Education Act Recognize needs of LEP students, prohibit segregation, support cultural heritage 1974 Lau vs. Nichols Supreme Court decision 1998 California first state to ban bilingual education |
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English Only Campaigns
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English Only Campaigns
Result of rapid immigration patterns Miami 1960-1980 Currently in Mid-West, ex: Iowa rise in other language with recent immigrants symbolic racism viewed as threat resentment of accommodation |
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Educational Attainment
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Among Hispanics, Mexicans 25 years and older had the lowest proportion of people with a high school diploma or more.
Mexicans 25 years and older also had the lowest proportion of Hispanics with a bachelor’s degree or more. |
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Economic Characteristics
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Economic Characteristics
Among employed Hispanics in March 2002, the most common occupations were: service workers precision production, craft, repair transportation |
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Poverty
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Poverty
Over one quarter of Hispanic children under age 18 live in poverty. Hispanic families are more likely to be living in poverty than Non-Hispanic White families. |
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Poverty/ Children
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Poverty/Latino Children
Almost double the amount of Latino households with children live in poverty compared to White non-Hispanic Differences by Latino ethnic group Puerto Rican highest, Mexican American mid, Cuban lowest |
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Poverty percentages with families
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Poverty/Latino Children
25% of Latino households with children live in poverty 10.8% of White families with children Puerto Rican (48%), Mexican American (37%), Cuban lowest (24%) 1/2 of Latino families in poverty are female headed households |
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Poverty Thresholds
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Poverty Thresholds
Two people (no children) $11,53 four people (two children) $17,463 six people (four children) $23,009 largest total number White and in families South largest region inner cities largest numbers rural areas more likely more in poverty female headed households |
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2000 Median Income
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2000 Median Income
White $31,213 Black $21,662 Hispanic $19,833 Increasingly unequal in 1981 slowed since 1993 |
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Poverty & Latinos
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Poverty & Latinos
Poverty decreased from 1999-2000 7.2 million 22.8% to 21.2% difference compared to White 13.7% points higher Foreign born in general 15.7% poverty |
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Latino Drop Out
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H.S. Completion Dropout Rate
7.1% Latinos (almost double national average 4.7%) 9.0% for family income below $20,000 Overall increase in education levels over time 9% Latino enrolled in college most likely enrolled part time college 17.5% full time employed, 31% part time |
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Early Education
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Early Education
Schools multicultural increase from 6% to 15% Latinos Latinos less likely to be enrolled in nursery school. Latinos more likely to be in public schools. |
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Neighborhood Hazards
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Neighborhood Hazards
Only 35% of Latino kids report physical activity 21% of females and 50% of males exercise regularly Obesity rates 30-40% |
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Results
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Results
East San Jose 4th graders report in 1998 more hazards in lower income areas more hazards associated with more physical activity more hazards associated with less overweight How would you explain this phenomenon? |
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Empowering Neighborhoods
Beyond stereotypes |
Empowering Neighborhoods
Beyond stereotypes “Community Space” (Chapt 17) struggles over gates, laundry rooms, “Barrio Space” in Tucson Struggle for parks (Joaquin Murrieta & El Rio Center) |
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Current Latino Stats
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Current Latino Statistics
Latino Ethnic Subgroups 58% Mexican descent (live in West) 10% Puerto Rican (live in Northeast) 5% Central American 4% Cuban (live in South) 4% South American |
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Labels
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Labels
Ethnic labels can be used as a form of identity Many labels exist for each group political or national significance nativity significance Spanish language significance Census Labels Hispanic = Latino |
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Latino Commonalities
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Latino Commonalities
history of foreign conquest/colonialism Spanish language-bilingualism minority status in the U.S. economic condition in the U.S. Mestizo heritage involuntary immigrants |
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Ethnic Identity
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Ethnic Identity
more than an ethnic label may include more than one ethnic group region, language, family, peers |
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Ethnic Identity
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Ethnic identity
Self-concept derived from membership in one’s ethnic group and the emotional value of belonging to this group |
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Social Identity Theory
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Social Identity Theory
Need to study human interactions & conflict Categorization Social Identity Social comparison Can create positive self-esteem through favorable comparisons In-group favoritism Ultimate Attribution Error Eye of the Storm |
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What do we do when social group is viewed negatively?
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What do we do when social group is viewed negatively?
Intensified when resources are unevenly distributed Leave the group Work to make group appear more positive Compare to other groups that are worse Turn negatives into positives |
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che guevara sign in e. la
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we are not a minority
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Ethnic Identity Development
Enculturation: Acculturation: |
Ethnic Identity Development
Acculturation: process of cultural change when ethnic groups come into continuous first hand contact Enculturation: socialization process by which individuals learn about the culture of their ethnic group. |
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Enculturation
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Enculturation
Social Ecology mainstream society (TV, media, etc.) Family & familiar others Child’s self-concept Immediate context who and where Cognitive Development |
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Ethnic
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Ethnic affirmation
Positive attitudes to one’s group Ethnic exploration Active investigation into one’s ethnic group Ethnic negativity Negative feelings or shame towards one’s ethnic group Ethnic resolution Positive and resolved feelings |
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Latinos and Race
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Latinos & Race
Mestizo= mixture of Spanish & indigeneous groups Caucasian Black Asian (many different areas) Indigeneous (many different groups) |
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Race and Ethnicity
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Race & Ethnicity in Social Science
Race= biologically based, common phenotype, common genetic compostions Ethnicity=common cultural (values, beliefs, language) heritage Socio-race=social construction of race (social class, discrimination by phenotype) |
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2000 us census
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2000 U.S. Census
97.6% One Race 2.4% Two or more races (6.8 million) 40% live in the West more likely to be under 18 years 6.3% of Latino origin reported 2 or more races |
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Mixed Race Heritage
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Mixed Race Heritage
Mestizo: mixture of European and Indigeneous Mulatto: mixture of European and African descent |
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Fertility
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Fertility
Annual average growth rate - 3% even during baby boom U.S. growth rate was only 2% 1980-1990 increased by 53% tend to marry younger and have more children |
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Education
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Education
Latinos have 5 years less of schooling than African Americans or White Two groups with lowest levels of schooling: foreign born Mexican (11 years) Puerto Ricans (8 years) Cubans are similar to Whites in U.S. |
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Undocumented Migration
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Undocumented Migration
When a person fails to enter at official US port of entry and without proper permission from immigration officials |
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Leading cause of death for migrants
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The leading cause of death for migrants is dehydration and hypothermia
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Known Migrant deaths in 2004
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233 known migrant deaths in 2004 along Arizona’s southern border
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sign in front of El Centro Comunitario de Atención al Migrante y Necesitado
Altar, Sonora, México |
Si no pensamos differente... todo sera igual
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Plaza in Altar, Sonora, Mexico
Migrant Center Grupo Beta Mexicano Migration Stories Altar Plaza Vendors Migrants at the Laderilla /Brickyard |
Plaza in Altar, Sonora, Mexico
Migrant Center Grupo Beta Mexicano Migration Stories Altar Plaza Vendors Migrants at the Laderilla /Brickyard |
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Culture
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Culture is dynamic, always changing, powerful, complex
-shared set of learned beliefs, values, languages, norms, and shared beliefs |
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Chicano
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political: from indiginous word Mexica Meshi-ca
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Boricua
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indiginous based from island
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Puerto Rican
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Location of birth: Nuyorican
--relation to homeland/ indiginous: Boriqueno |
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Culture is like water;
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a fish swims in it, not recognizes that it is there, all around us
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Ethnicity
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group defined by shared cultural practices, values and beliefs
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Race
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grouping based on shared genetic heritage and or physical characteristics
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Ethnic Gloss
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ethnic labels that gloss over the richness and cultural variation within ethnic groups, glosses over unique lifeways and thoughtways of ethnic groups,
--Leads to low scientific rigor taht may lead to misrepresentations |
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Pan-Ethnic Label
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pan-ethnic: asian/hispanic
---hispanic, latino, spanish-american, spanish origin, spanish surnamed, spanish speaking |
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National origin label
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mexican american, or cuban, or puerto rican
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Hispanic
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people of mexican, puerto rican, cuban, central/south american descent or other spanish culture of origin regardless of race
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Lainto used
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2000 US census
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Hispanic used
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1970, 1st time inclusion of hispanic origin
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Us ranking w/ latinos
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us ranks 6th with most latinos
35.3 million out of 281.4 million |
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Age
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median age is 25.9 years
mexican is youngest= 24.2 cuban oldest= 40.3 ---median age for us is 35.3 |
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Geographic distribution
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76.3 latinos live in W. or S.
1/2 of Latinos live in CA or Tx --CA, TX, NJ, NY, AZ, FL, IL |
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Largest Latino sub groups
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Mexican and Puerto Rican
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Latino common characteristic
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Language, US minority, european conquered
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Socio-race
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social construction of race, socail class, discrimination by phenotype
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4 Main races
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European, indigenous, asian, african american
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1917 Jones Act
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Puerto Rico incorporated
cuba becomes a republic, caused largest wave of european immigrants; 22 million |
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1943 Bracero Program
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-Working arms and arms
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grape boycott 1970
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17 million americans boycotted grapes 1970
La Raza Unida Party |