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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Theories of representation
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descriptive (similar traits) v substantive (policy views)
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mindiola and guitierrez
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effectiveness of texas latino politics
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Pachon
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hispanic bureaucrats the missing link - staffers
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push and pull for puerto ricans
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ww1. jones. johnson,acts., ww2
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hardy-fanta findings
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latinas are active, see it differently, mobilize diff
connector |
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immigration latinas
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more likely to reach out
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Thornburg v Gingles
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cannot dilute minority power even unintentionally
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Shaw v. Reno, Miller v Johnson
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evaluations of districts gerrymandered for african americans
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direct vs indirect representation
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indirect, other representatives still represent you (next district over)
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Spanish American War
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cuban freedom, us possesion of P.Rico
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ponce massacre
operation bootstrap |
The march, organized to commemorate the end of Slavery in 1873, was also formed to protest the incarceration of nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos, as well as to demand Puerto Rico's independence from the United States.
--Under this program, which began in 1948, the island became increasingly industrialized. |
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Herman Badillo
young lords operation chaos vieques bombing |
s a Bronx, New York politician who has been a borough president, United States Representative, and candidate for Mayor of New York City. He was the first Puerto Rican to be elected to these posts (and run for mayor) in the United States (outside of Puerto Rico).
--Young Lords Party, was a Puerto Rican nationalist group in several United States cities, notably New York City and Chicago. --CIA director John McCone was assigned to the DOD in order to set up espionage operations on the uprising of college student protests against the U.S. government's Vietnam foreign policies --The people of Vieques demand the U.S. clean up the toxic materials they left behind; but the Navy argues that residents of Vieques have not been negatively affected by the 60-year occupation, and that data showing high cancer rates, high infant mortality, vibroacoustic disease, and radiation contamination is "misguided" [1]. Whether or not the U.S. should be forced to further clean up the island still remains an issue. 48 of the 50 Vieques residents tested suffered from vibroacoustic disease — a thickening of heart tissue caused by exposure to sonic booms |
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cuban adjustment act
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The law applies to any native or citizen of Cuba who has been inspected and admitted or paroled into the United States after January 1, 1959 and has been physically present for at least one year; and is admissible to the United States for Permanent Residence.
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cuban enclave/golden cuban
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Not just numbers…
Significant capital Division of labor Small business ownership Institutional completeness |
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immigration latinas
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more likely to reach out
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Leadership styles
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collective decision making
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male leadership gets in way of community organizational efforts
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latinas wont oppose ideas developed by others
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Lisa Montoya
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Defense spending: gap only for Mexican Americans
vs. Anglo gender gap on defense spending Social welfare programs: no gap vs. Anglo gender gap on many issues Women’s political and social roles: large gap Similar to Anglo gender gap Participation No gender gap in voter turnout No gender gap in non-electoral participation Partisanship No consistent gender gap across Hispanic national-origin groups Some language differences |
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latina leadership
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Leadership
Organizational involvement Electoral successes Transforming family networks and cultural resources into political resources Personal and community motivations for entry into politics |
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latino public opinion
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Complex population to poll
Who is included in the “Latino” sample? Last name issue, geographic distribution Citizenship, national-origin groups Depends on goal of survey Can be more expensive than polling other populations |
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basic values
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Latinos are more collectivist and communalist
Latinos are more optimistic than Anglos, but this fades over the generations |
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key issues for Latinos and Anglos were virtually identical
solutions vary |
education, crime, and the economy
For instance, Latinos are more likely to favor higher taxes and more social spending On the other hand, this fades as Latinos become wealthier |
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immigration, leader v ave person
variance |
For instance, one poll found that 43% of Latinos believe government not doing enough to stop illegal immigration
Another poll found that 39% of Latinos in LA thought growing immigration a bad thing for LA (35% said it was a good thing) |
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immigration vis a vis los otros
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thought it was problem
Lat-67% ang-91 AA-86 |
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immigration a low priority question
generation gap |
#11 or 1 percent on one survey
recent arrival more supportive |
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NOT Anti-immigrant
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like immigrants they know and favor amnesty for those already here
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affirmative action
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anglos least supportive
then latinos, then african americans question wording has effect |
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agenda
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latino anglo differences, but also latino-nationalorigin diff
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Immigration and Nationality Act amendments (1965)
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Abolished the quota system favoring Europe
New preference system: family (unlimited) and skills (limited to 290K, 20K from any one nation) Not expected to dramatically change migration patterns – wrong! Same approach in force today |
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unauthorized migration
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Average yearly unauthorized migration in 21st century: about 500,000
Total unauthorized migrants: 11.5 million 40% from Mexico, 30% from Latin America |
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IRCA
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Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
Designed as compromise bill Legalize longstanding unauthorized aliens Fine employers for hiring the unauthorized (employer sanctions) Bolster Border Patrol and INS (now USCIS) Expand temporary labor program for agriculture Three million applicants: more than expected |
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Consensus: IRCA failed to achieve goals
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Large market in counterfeit documents
Employers not required to check document authenticity Some predicted discriminatory impact: perhaps at first, but soon ended Raids in interior US not vigorously pursued; correlate with economic conditions |
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other immigration reform options
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Eliminate or reduce family reunification
Make sponsors legally/financially responsible Deterrence Exclude from government programs End automatic citizenship at birth Increase border security Open border New Bracero program Points system |
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recent reforms (immigration)
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Recently enacted legislation
2006 border fence authorization (700 additional miles Failed legislation Comprehensive reform (“Amnesty”) McCain-Kennedy, Bush Deterrence/enforcement Sensenbrenner bill (HR 4437) |
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benefits of migrants
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Do not generally live in poverty; live in urban areas
Not large users of government social services (except schools and hospitals) Positive attitudes toward the US Migrants not usually the poorest of poor from sending nations; often those where opportunity insufficient to skills/ambition In general, immigrants commit less crime than the native born |
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why do they not naturalize at high rates?
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Cumbersome administrative process?
Lack of political machines Few applicants rejected by courts; more rejected by INS for incomplete materials or failing exam Rejections vary by region Twice as many begin process as finish process Six page form; interview |
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Do migrants provide net economic benefits?
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Academic research says yes and no
Variation by region and level of government Some costs, but sometimes exaggerated Some industries cannot exist without migrants |
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Government programs for unauthorized immigrants
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K-12 access guaranteed
Higher education access; not constitutionally required, but some states allow Tuition: state resident or non-resident level After graduation? Dream Act Driver’s licenses – state issue Acceptance of identification (matricula) |
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what programs do they not qualify for
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Food stamps
TANF (“welfare”) Unemployment insurance Medicaid (only emergency medical care) SCHIP (but states can extend benefits) But do quality for WIC, School Lunch Program, and non-cash FEMA assistance |
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bilingual education act
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1968 Bilingual Education Act
Senator Ralph Yarborough (D-TX) Designed to reduce Latino school drop-out |
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Lau v. Nichols (1974
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teaching students in a language they do not understand violates the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Transitional (politicians) vs. Maintenance (activists) goals English immersion |
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language as barrier to political access
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Language as a barrier to political participation
Voting Rights Act (1975 amendments) required election materials in non-English languages if 5% or more of voters in a district speak the same non-English language Changed criteria in 1992 to 10,000 people |
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Arguments for linguistic pluralism
***Argument for linguistic assimilation |
Spanish and English have equally strong roots in U.S.
Why should language deny constitutional rights? “Right” to cultural reproduction; against assimilation Spanish as a benefit to nation Similar arguments in Quebec, Canada ***Best hope of gaining greater equality in U.S. Cultural reproduction a private, not public, matter |
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Richard Valencia
“persistently, pervasively, and disproportionately, low academic achievement” 15 schooling conditions and outcomes |
Segregation
Language and cultural exclusion Academic achievement Grade retention School holding power (dropout) School financing Teacher-student interactions Teacher certification Curriculum differentiation College enrollment Special education Gifted/talented education Chicano teaching force High-stakes testing School stress |
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mostly support of america
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Changing opinion on U.S. relations with Cuba: formerly opposed, now support (54%); Cuban Americans are split
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relation of mex gov and migrants in u.s.
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Interest lost by second generation
Some Mexicans: M-A’s abandoned Mexico Mexican government made little effort Issue of involvement in internal affairs of U.S. |
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Chicano movement
and mex gov |
Some activists looked to Mexico for support
Mexican government became more proactive But Mexican government decided to focus on established politicians, not radicals Mexico decided they were too radical; reached out to established/moderate groups Hispanic members of Congress Scholarship and educational programs Aguila Azteca to prominent Mexican Americans |
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5 goals of Mexican government
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Defense of civil rights of the Mexican-origin population in the U.S.
Enhancement of Mexican culture in the U.S. Gain Hispanic political support for the Mexican government Promotion of Hispanic participation in the formulation of U.S.-Mexican relations Promotion of U.S.-Mexican business links |
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mex intervention
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First discussed Hispanics and public policy issues, such as health care and education, with U.S. officials in 1972
US objected; saw this as interventionism Mexican government changed strategy to protecting civil rights of Mexican nationals in U.S. Promotion of Mexican culture in U.S. U.S. government could hardly complain |
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military representation
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Underrepresented: civilian labor force, age
On par: civilian labor force, age, and education Overrepresented: civilian labor force, age, education, and citizenship |
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Presence in branches
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Army: 9.73%
Navy: 10.47% Marines: 13.99% Air Force: 5.57% |
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Iraq conflict
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Latinos 8.6% of all active duty military, 10.7% of all Army/Marine Corps combat personnel, 11.1 percent of all casualties
But Latino casualties somewhat disproportionately high during “war” stage, but somewhat disproportionately low during “occupation” stage Explanation: occupation stage relied more on National Guard units, which were less Latino than Army/Marines |
