Latin - Subjunctive

Front 1

Potential

Back 1

possible action
Latin Tenses - Present/Imperfect
Translation - ‘Subject’ may/might
Negative - non

Front 2

Volitive/Optative

Back 2

wish for the future (always ‘!’)
Latin Tenses - Present
Translation - May ‘subject’.....
Negative - ne

Front 3

Contrary to Fact Volitive/Optative

Back 3

an impossible wish (usually utinam, always ‘!’)
Latin Tenses - Present/Imperfect/Pluperfect
Translation - If only ‘subject’ would.... Oh that ‘subject’ would...
Negative - ne

Front 4

Deliberative Question

Back 4

(always ‘?’)
Latin Tenses - Imperfect
Translation - What should ‘subject’ do? What am I to do?

Front 5

Jussive

Back 5

Person - 3rd
Latin Tenses - Present
Translation - Let him/them....
Negative - ne

Front 6

Hortatory

Back 6

Person - 1st
Latin Tenses - Present
Translation - Let me/us...
Negative - ne

Front 7

Adverbial Purpose Clause

Back 7

Introduced: Affirmative - ut Negative - ne
Latin Tenses - present, future, future perfect: present , imperfect, perfect, pluperfect: imperfect

Pugnamus ut urbem defenderemus.
We were fighting to/so as to/in order to/that we might/ so that we might/in order that we might defend the city.

Pugnamus ne superemur.
We are fighting so as not to be defeated. We are fighting that we may not/so that we may not/in order that we may not be defeated.

Front 8

Relative Purpose Clause

Back 8

used to name purpose of its antecedent, rather than the purpose of the whole clause
Introduced - relative pronoun
Latin Tenses - present/future/future perfect: present , imperfect/perfect/pluperfect: imperfect

Misit nuntios qui regionis consuetudines cognoscerent.
He sent messengers to learn the customs of the district.
who were to learn the customs of the district.

Front 9

Indirect Command

Back 9

Introduced: Affirmative - ut Negative - ne
Latin Tenses - present/future/future perfect: present , imperfect/perfect/pluperfect: imperfect

Dative (indirect object): impero, mando, persuadeo, permito
Mihi persuasit ut venirem. He persuaded me not to come.
Accusative (direct object): moneo, oro, rogo, hortor
Me monuit ne venirem. He warned me not to come.
Ablative with a Preposition (place from which): peto, postulo, quaero
A me petivit ne se vulnerarent. He begged them not to wound him.

Front 10

Result Clause

Back 10

Introduced: Affirmative - ut Negative - ut....non, ut....nullus
Latin Tenses - present/future/future perfect: present , imperfect/perfect/pluperfect: imperfect

Erant tot aedificia ut omnia videre non possem.
There were so many buildings that I could not see them all.
Hoc opus tantum est ut numquam id confecturi simus.
This work is so great that we shall never finish it.

Front 11

Substantive Result Clause

Back 11

Effecit ut tribunus discederet. He made the tribune leave. He brought it about that the tribune left.

Accidit ut consul adesset. It happened that the consul was present. The consul happened to be present.

Notes - may be used with necesse est: it is necessary

Front 12

Clauses after Verbs of Fearing

Back 12

Introduction: Affirmative - ne Negative - ne non, ut
Latin Tenses - Sequence of Tenses

Timeo ne veniat. I fear that he is coming.
Timeo ne non veniat. I fear that he is not coming.
Timeo ut veniat. I fear the he is not coming.

Front 13

Indirect Question

Back 13

Introduced - interrogative pronoun, adjective, adverb
Latin Tenses - Sequence of Tenses

Rogat quid faciamus. He asks what we are doing.
Rogat quid fererimus. He asks what we have done.
Rogavit quid faceremus. He asked what we were doing.
Rogavit quid fecissemus. He asked what we had done.

Me rogavit num sibi donum daturus essem.
She asked me if I would give her a gift.

Scitne ubi sitis? Does he know where you are?

Front 14

Cum Clauses

Back 14

Indicative

When: Cum Primum - when first, as soon as (used with perfect indicative)
When: Present/Future

Subjunctive

When - Never

Since - always

Although - always (tamen)

Front 15

Subordinate Clause in Direct Discourse

Back 15

a subordinate clause in an indirect statement uses the subjunctive
Latin Tenses - usually Sequence of Tenses

Dixit viros qui Romam venissent postero die discessisse.
He said that the men who had come to Rome left the next day.