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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Cognate
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Cognate
Latin for "related" or, more literally "born together" i.e. from the same ancestry. |
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What is the name most commonly given to the now lost ancestor of all these "relatives", or cognate languages?
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INDO-EUROPEAN
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INDO-EUROPEAN
descendants are found where? |
Descendants of INDO-EUROPEAN are found both in or near:
India (Sanskrit, Iranian) Europe (Greek, Latin, Germanic, Celtic, Slavic and Baltic languages) |
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INDO-EUROPEAN
The oldest of the Indo-European languages are based on documents, which languages and how old are the documents? |
Sanskrit, Iranian, Greek & Latin
These documents go back centuries before the time of Christ. |
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Ancient Latin was spoken by who?
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Ancient Latin was spoken by the common people.
Vulgus = common people hence "vulgar" Latin |
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Vulgar Latin grew into what?
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Vulgar Latin grew into the Romance languages, such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, Roumanian and Italian.
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Derived v. Cognate
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We can say Italian, French, and Spanish are DERIVED from Latin and that they are COGNATE with each other.
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English stems from what?
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English ultimately stems from Anglo-Saxon.
Anglo-Saxon is a cognate with Latin. & borrowed a few words from Latin. |
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Latin in English
What happened in the 7th century? |
In the 7th century more Latin words came into English as a result of the work of St. Augustine (the Lesser) who was sent by Pope Gregory to Christianize the Angles.
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In 1066 William the Conqueror won victory and what became the polite language?
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After 1066 Norman French became the polite language and Anglo-Saxon was held in low esteem as the tongue of vanquished men and serfs.
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After 1066 Anglo-Saxon became a language of what?
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Anglo-Saxon was no longer the language of literature but of humble daily life.
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Before Anglo-Saxon could become a language of literature, what happened?
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Two centuries after William the Conqueror's victory in 1066 the Normans finally amalgamated with the English natives.
The Anglo-Saxon language reasserted itself, but in its poverty it had to borrow hundreds of French words (literary, intellectual, and cultural) before it could become the language of literature. |
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13th - 14th centuries, what arose?
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13th - 14th centuries produced MIDDLE ENGLISH.
Known especially from Chaucer. |
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The Renaissance brought a renewed interest in what? Which changed the English language?
16th and 17th centuries. |
Along with the adoption of these Latin-rooted French words there was also some borrowing directly from Latin itself.
The renewed interest in the classics which characterized THE RENAISSANCE naturally intensified the procedure during the 16th and 17th centuries. |
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So therefore, how is English a cognate/derivation of Latin?
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Since English through Anglo-Saxon is cognate with Latin and since English directly or indirectly has borrowed so many words from Latin, we can easily demonstrate both cognation and derivation by our own vocabulary.
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What does the GRIMM's LAW catalogue?
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the Germanic shift in certain consonants (the stops). This shows how such apparently different words as English HEART and Latin COR, CORD-, are in origin the same word.
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I. THE EARLY PERIOD (down to ca. 80 B.C.)
---------------------------------- When was the apogee of Greek civilization? |
The apogee of Greek civilization
(including the highest development of its literature and art) was reached during the 5th and 4th centuries before Christ. |
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I. THE EARLY PERIOD (down to ca. 80 B.C.)
---------------------------------- What did Rome have to offer during the 5th and 4th centuries B.C.? |
Rome had little to offer during this time period.
There is only a rough, accentual native meter called SATURNIAN, some NATIVE COMIC SKITS, and a rough, practical PROSE FOR RECORDS AND SPEECHES. |
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I. THE EARLY PERIOD (down to ca. 80 B.C.)
---------------------------------- What about Rome in the 3rd century B.C? |
Expansion of Roman power brought the Romans into contact with Greek civilization.
The hard-headed, politically & legally minded Romans were fascinated by what they found and the writers among them went to school to learn Greek literature. |
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I. THE EARLY PERIOD (down to ca. 80 B.C.)
---------------------------------- Greek influence in Roman literature |
From the 3rd century B.C. onwards Greek literary forms, meters, rhetorical devices, subjects and ideas had a tremendous and continuing influence on Roman literature.
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I. THE EARLY PERIOD (down to ca. 80 B.C.)
---------------------------------- After the 3rd century B.C. and with Greek literary exposure, the Romans began to compose what? |
Romans began to compose epics, tragedies, satires and speeches --
of which were based off of Greek models. |
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I. THE EARLY PERIOD (down to ca. 80 B.C.)
---------------------------------- 3rd century B.C. Roman literary based off of the Greek model -- of these what two authors are the most recognized? |
Plautus (ca. 254-184 B.C.) comedies
& Terrence (185-159 B.C.) |
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I. THE EARLY PERIOD (down to ca. 80 B.C.)
---------------------------------- New Comedy |
Plautus and Terrence
comedies based on Greek plays of the type known as New Comedy (the comedy of manners). |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ What happened to Latin literature during the first century before Christ? |
During the first century before Christ the Roman writers perfected their literary media and made Latin literature one of the world's greatest.
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE CICERONIAN PERIOD (80-43 B.C.) ----- The literary work of the Ciceronian Period was produced when? |
The last years of the Roman Republic.
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE CICERONIAN PERIOD (80-43 B.C.) ----- The last years of the Roman Republic was a time period of what? |
The last years of the Roman Republic was a time period of:
civil wars dictators military might against constitutional right selfish interest pomp and power moral and religious laxity. |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE CICERONIAN PERIOD (80-43 B.C.) ----- LUCRETIUS |
TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS
ca. 98-55 B.C. - wrote: DE RERUM NATURA - was an believer in Epicurean Philosophy |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE CICERONIAN PERIOD (80-43 B.C.) ----- DE RERUM NATURA by LUCRETIUS |
DE RERUM NATURA
by LUCRETIUS a powerful didactic poem on happiness achieved through the EPICUREAN PHILOSOPHY. |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE CICERONIAN PERIOD (80-43 B.C.) ----- EPICUREAN PHILOSOPHY |
EPICUREAN PHILOSOPHY
--- Philosophy was based on pleasure and was buttressed by an atomic theory which made the universe a realm of natural, not divine, law and thus eliminated the fear of the gods and the tyranny of religion (Which Lucretius believed had shattered men's happiness) |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE CICERONIAN PERIOD (80-43 B.C.) ----- CATULLUS |
GAIUS VALERIUS CATULLUS
ca. 84-54 B.C. - a lyric poet - intense and impressionable - young - from northern Italy - was under the spell of an urban sophisticate Lesbia (real name: Clodia) - over 100 of his poems survive |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE CICERONIAN PERIOD (80-43 B.C.) ----- CICERO |
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO
160-43 B.C. - greatest Roman orator - eloquence thwarted the conspiracy of the bankrupt aristocrat Catiline in 63 B.C. - opposed to Mark Anthony's high-handed policies (which cost him his life) - admired as an authority on Roman rhetoric - interpreter of Greek philosophy wrote: DE AMICITIA (essay on friendship) and DE SENECTUTE (essay on old age) also self-revealing letters |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE CICERONIAN PERIOD (80-43 B.C.) ----- CAESAR |
GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR
102 or 100-44 B.C. - orator - politician - general - statesman - dictator - author - best known for military memoirs wrote: Bellum Gallicum and Bellum Civile |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE CICERONIAN PERIOD (80-43 B.C.) ----- NEPOS |
CORNELIUS NEPOS
99-24 B.C. - friend of Catullus and Caesar - writer of biographies - remembered for relatively easy and popular style rather than for greatness as historical documents. |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE CICERONIAN PERIOD (80-43 B.C.) ----- PUBILIUS SYRUS |
PUBLILIUS SYRUS
fl. 43 B.C. - slave who was taken to Rome and became famous for his mimes. |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE AUGUSTAN PERIOD (43 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ----- Who is this period named after? |
The first Roman Emperor
GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR AUGUSTUS born GAIUS OCTAVIAN THURINUS adopted by his uncle Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 B.C. In 27 B.C. the Senate awarded him the name Augustus "the revered one" |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE AUGUSTAN PERIOD (43 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ----- What did Augustus wish to do? & how did he plan to do it? |
Augustus wished to correct the evils of the times, to establish civil peace by stable government and to win the Romans' support for his new regime.
With this in mind he and Maecenas (his unofficial prime minister) sought to enlist literature in the service of the state. |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE AUGUSTAN PERIOD (43 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ----- VIRGIL & HORACE |
VIRGIL & HORACE
These two became what we should call poets laureate. |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE AUGUSTAN PERIOD (43 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ----- What do some moderns believe about HORACE? |
Some see that HORACE is the spirit of independence and of genuine moral concern.
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE AUGUSTAN PERIOD (43 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ----- What do some moderns believe about VERGIL? |
Some maintain that Vergil, through the character of his epic hero Aeneas, is not simply glorifying Augustus but is actually suggesting to the emperor what is expected of him as head of the state.
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE AUGUSTAN PERIOD (43 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ----- VERGIL |
PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARO
70-19 B.C. - from nothern Italy - lover of nature - profoundly sympathetic student of humankind - Epicurean and mystic - severe and exacting self-critic - master craftsman - linguistic and literary architect - "lord of language" - famous as a writer of pastoral verse (the Eclogues and of a beautiful didactic poem on farm life (the Georgics) - best known as the author of one of the world's greatest epics, the AENEID, a national epic with ulterior purposes but also with ample universal and human appeal to make it powerful. |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE AUGUSTAN PERIOD (43 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ----- HORACE |
QUINTUS HORTIUS FLACCUS
65-8 B.C. - freedman's son - rose to the height of poet laureate - writer of genial and self-revealing satires - author of superb lyrics both light and serious - meticulous composer famed for the happy effects of his linguistic craftsmanship - synthesist of Epicurean CARPE DIEM (enjoy today) and Stoic VERTUS (virtue) - preacher and practitioner of AUREA MEDIOCRITAS (the Golden Mean) |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE AUGUSTAN PERIOD (43 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ----- LIVY |
TITUS LIVIUS
59-17 B.C. - friend of Augustus - admirer of the Republic and of olden virtues - author of a epic-spirited history of Rome - a portrayer of Roman character at its best (as he judged it) |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE AUGUSTAN PERIOD (43 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ----- PROPERTIUS |
SEXTUS PROPERTIUS
ca. 50 B.C. - ca. 2 A.D. - author of 4 books of romantic elegiac poems - admired Ovid |
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II. THE GOLDEN AGE
(80 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE AUGUSTAN PERIOD (43 B.C. - 14 A.D.) ----- OVID |
PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO
43 B.C. - 17 A.D. - author of much lov poetry which was hardly consonant with Augustus' plans - most famous today as the writer of the long and clever hexameter work on mythology entitled METAMORPHOSES -- which has proved a thesaurus for subsequent poets. |
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III. THE SILVER AGE
(14-CA. 138 A.D.) ------------------------------ The Silver Age had excellent writings but what was the downfall? |
Often writings had artificialities and conceits.
- authors striving for effect - passion for epigrams - less sure literary sense and power therefore the overstated distinction between the "Golden" and "Silver" ages. - the temperaments of emperors also had a limiting effect on the literature of this time period. |
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III. THE SILVER AGE
(14-CA. 138 A.D.) ------------------------------ SENECA |
LUCIUS ANNAEUS SENECA
4 B.C. - 65 A.D. - Stoic philosopher - from Spain - tutor of Nero - author of noble moral essays of the Stoic spirit - author of tragedies (though marred by too much rhetoric and conceits had considerable influence on the early modern drama of Europe) - author of the APOCOLOCYNTOSIS ("Pumpkinification") - a satire on the death and deification of the emperor Claudius. |
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III. THE SILVER AGE
(14-CA. 138 A.D.) ------------------------------ PETRONIUS |
TITUS PETRONIUS ARBITER
d. 65 A.D. (exact identity and dates uncertain) Neronian consular and courtier - Author of the SATYRICON - a satire famous for its depiction of the nouveau-riche freedman Trimalchio and his extravagant dinner-parties. |
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III. THE SILVER AGE
(14-CA. 138 A.D.) ------------------------------ QUINTILIAN |
MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS
ca. 35-95 A.D. - teacher and author of the INSTITUTIO ORATORIA - a famous pedagogical work which discusses the entire education of a person who is to become an orator. - admirer of Cicero's style - critic of the rhetorical excesses of his own age |
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III. THE SILVER AGE
(14-CA. 138 A.D.) ------------------------------ MARTIAL |
MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS
45-104 A.D. - famed for his more than 1,500 witty epigrams - famed for the satirical twist which he so often gave to his epigrams - he himself said that his work might not have been great literature, but people enjoyed it. |
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III. THE SILVER AGE
(14-CA. 138 A.D.) ------------------------------ PLINY |
GAIUS PLINIUS CAECILIUS SECUNDUS
ca. 62-113 A.D. - conscientious public figure - known for his EPISTULAE - letters which reveal both the bright and seamy sides of Roman life during this imperial period |
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III. THE SILVER AGE
(14-CA. 138 A.D.) ------------------------------ TACITUS |
PUBLIUS CORNELIUS TACITUS
55-117 A.D. - most famous as a satirical, pro-senatorial historian from the period of the death of Augustus to the death of Domitian. |
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III. THE SILVER AGE
(14-CA. 138 A.D.) ------------------------------ JUVENAL |
DECIMUS JUNIUS JUVENALIS
ca. 55-post 127 A.D. - a relentless, intensely rhetorical satirist of the evils of his times - concludes that the only thing for which one can pray is a MENS SANA IN CORPORE SANO (a sound mind in a sound body) |
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III. THE SILVER AGE
(14-CA. 138 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE ARCHAISING PERIOD (mid-to-late 2nd century) --- What happened to the language of Latin during this time period? |
During this period taste developed for the vocabulary and style of early Latin and for the incorporation and diction from vulgar Latin.
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III. THE SILVER AGE
(14-CA. 138 A.D.) ------------------------------ THE ARCHAISING PERIOD (mid-to-late 2nd century) --- Who are well known authors of this time period? |
The Orator FRONTO
the Antiquarian AULUS GELLIUS - known for his miscellaneous essays NOCTES ATTICAE ("Nights in Attica") |
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IV. THE PATRISTIC PERIOD
(Late 2nd Cen. - 5th Cen.) ------------------------------ Where does the name for this period come from? |
The name of the Patristic Period comes from the fact that most of the vital literature was the work of the Christian leaders, or fathers (PATRES).
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IV. THE PATRISTIC PERIOD
(Late 2nd Cen. - 5th Cen.) ------------------------------ Among the Christian fathers, who are the most remembered? |
Christian Fathers:
- Tertullian - Cyprian - Lactantius - Jerome - Ambrose - Augustine |
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IV. THE PATRISTIC PERIOD
(Late 2nd Cen. - 5th Cen.) ------------------------------ Many of the Early Church Fathers had been what before going into the Church? |
These men were well educated and many of them had even been teachers or lawyers before going into service of the Church.
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IV. THE PATRISTIC PERIOD
(Late 2nd Cen. - 5th Cen.) ------------------------------ During this period, the classical style was deliberately employed for what purpose? |
At times the classical style was deliberately employed to impress the pagans, but more and more the concern was to reach the common people (VULGUS) with the Christian message.
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IV. THE PATRISTIC PERIOD
(Late 2nd Cen. - 5th Cen.) ------------------------------ Vulgar Latin reemerged as an important influence in the literature of this period. Example: St. Jerome |
St. Jerome in his letters is essentially Ciceronian.
In his Latin edition of the Bible, THE VULGATE (383 - 405 A.D.) he uses the language of the people. |
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IV. THE PATRISTIC PERIOD
(Late 2nd Cen. - 5th Cen.) ------------------------------ Vulgar Latin reemerging Example: St. Augustine |
St. Augustine, though formerly a teacher and great lover of the Roman classics, was willing to use any idiom that would reach the people
(AD USUM VULGI) and said that it did not matter if the barbarians conquered Rome provided they were Christian. |
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IV. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
(6th-14th Cens.) ------------------------------ What happened to Vulgar Latin during the first three centuries of the Medieval Period? |
During the first three centuries of the Medieval Period, vulgar Latin underwent rapid changes - reaching to the point when it could not longer be called Latin.
Latin became this or that Romance language according to the locality. |
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IV. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
(6th-14th Cens.) ------------------------------ What happened to Latin, the literary idiom? |
Latin, the literary idiom more or less modified by the VULGATE (by St. Jerome) and other influences, continued throughout the Middle Ages as the living language of the Church and of the intellectual world.
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IV. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
(6th-14th Cens.) ------------------------------ Medieval Latin literature is sometimes called what? |
Though varying considerably in character and quality, Latin was an international language.
Medieval Latin literature is sometimes called "European" in contract to the earlier "national Roman." |
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IV. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
(6th-14th Cens.) ------------------------------ Medieval Latin literature was written a varied and living literature, including what? |
religious works
histories anecdotes romances dramas sacred and secular poetry |
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IV. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
(6th-14th Cens.) ------------------------------ The long life of Latin is attested in the early 14th century by who? And what did he write? |
The long life of Latin is attested in the early 14th century by what DANTE composed
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IV. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
(6th-14th Cens.) ------------------------------ Name Dante's three works. |
DANTE
DE MONARCHIA (written in Latin) DE VULGARI ELOQUENTIA (to justify his use of the vernacular Italian for literature) DIVINE COMEDY (vernacular Latin) |
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V. THE PERIOD FROM THE RENAISSANCE TO THE PRESENT
(ca. 15th cen. - pres.) ------------------------------ Who influenced the attitude of the Renaissance? |
Petrarch influenced the attitude of the Renaissance towards Latin.
Because of Petrarch's new-found admiration for Cicero, Renaissance scholars scorned Medieval Latin and turned to Cicero in particular as the canon of perfection. |
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V. THE PERIOD FROM THE RENAISSANCE TO THE PRESENT
(ca. 15th cen. - pres.) ------------------------------ Is Latin used very much in modern times? If so, how? |
Latin continues to be effectively employed well into the modern period, and the ecclesiastical strain is still very much alive (despite its de-emphasis in the early 1960s_ as the language of the Roman Catholic Church and seminaries.
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