Latin Grammar

Front 1

who? what

Back 1

quis? quid?

Front 2

which? what? (adj_

Back 2

qui, quae, quod

Front 3

what sort of

Back 3

qualis is e

Front 4

which (of two)

Back 4

uter utra utrum

Front 5

how? (to what degree?)

Back 5

quam, + adj?adv

Front 6

how? (in what way?)

Back 6

quomodo? quemadmodum?

Front 7

how great? how big?

Back 7

quantus a um

Front 8

how often?

Back 8

quotiens

Front 9

for how long? (of time)

Back 9

quamdiu?

Front 10

why?

Back 10

quare? cur? quamobrem?

Front 11

when?

Back 11

quando

Front 12

where?

Back 12

ubi? qua?

Front 13

where to? whither?

Back 13

quo?

Front 14

from where? whence?

Back 14

unde>?

Front 15

what follows uter and qualis, eg "Which of the two?
EXCEPTION)

Back 15

NOT gentivie
EX: uter takes genitive: when it is followed by PPm, or when noun had an adj agreeing

Front 16

not that uter

Back 16

is usually found in the dingular

Front 17

if the question expects the answer "yes", the question will begin

Back 17

with nonne

Front 18

if the question expects the answer "no", the question will begin

Back 18

with num

Front 19

if the answer expects the answer "yes" or "no" the question will begin

Back 19

verb-ne

Front 20

alternative questions:
whether
whether...or not

Back 20

utrum...an
utrum...annon

Front 21

indirect questions-
furture primary

Back 21

future participle with sim

Front 22

ID
future historic

Back 22

future participle with essem

Front 23

IQ
whether (if)

Back 23

num? NOT SI

Front 24

IQ
whether...or
whether...or not

Back 24

utrum...an
utrum...NECNE

Front 25

commands in second person

Back 25

imperitive

Front 26

irregular imperitives (4)

Back 26

dic, duc, fer, fac

Front 27

second command imperitive
positive
negative
neg+neg

Back 27

et
nec
neve

Front 28

first and third person commands

Back 28

present subjunctive

Front 29

first and third commands
make negative
and not

Back 29

ne
neve

Front 30

see to it that

Back 30

fac ut + present subjunctive

Front 31

take care that...not

Back 31

cave ne + present subjunctive

Front 32

wish referring to future

Back 32

present subjunctive
utinam

Front 33

wish referring to present

Back 33

imperfet subjunctive
utinam

Front 34

wish referring to past

Back 34

pluperfect subjunctive

Front 35

negative wish

Back 35

utinam + ne + verb

Front 36

IC
primary + ongoing situations

Back 36

present

Front 37

IC
historic + ongoing situations

Back 37

imperfect

Front 38

IC
exceptions

Back 38

iubeo ere iussi iussum
veto are vetui vetitum

Front 39

iubeo cannot...

Back 39

...be followed by a negative
>>>veto, impero ne + dative

Front 40

IC
ask you
advise you
command "
persuade "
urge (2) "
write to "

Back 40

te rogo
te moneo
tibi impero
tibi persuadeo
tibi suadeo/hortor
ad te scribo

Front 41

IC
beg
beseech
implore

Back 41

orare
obsecrare
implorare

Front 42

impersonal verbs- weather
it is raining
it is snowing

Back 42

pluit
ningit

Front 43

there is lightning

Back 43

fulgerat

Front 44

there is thunder

Back 44

tonat

Front 45

it is dawn

Back 45

lucescit

Front 46

it is growing dark

Back 46

vesperascit

Front 47

I pity

Back 47

me miseret, miserere, me miseruit

Front 48

I repent

Back 48

me paenitet, paenitere, paenituit

Front 49

I am vexed

Back 49

me piget pigere, piguit

Front 50

I am weary

Back 50

me taedet, taedere, me pertaesum est

Front 51

impersonal verbs of feeling take

Back 51

acc of person feeling
gen of source of feeling

Front 52

impersonal verbs that express duty, obligation, permission are followed by

Back 52

infinitive, and dat/acc of person

Front 53

I have a duty to go, I should go

Back 53

me ire oportet

Front 54

it is fitting for me to go

Back 54

me ire decet

Front 55

it is unfitting for me to go

Back 55

me ire dedecet

Front 56

I like going (3)

Back 56

me ire iuvat
mihi ire placet
mihi ire libet

Front 57

I decide to go

Back 57

mihi ire videtur

Front 58

I am permitted by him to go
(why not sineo or patior?)

Back 58

mihi ire per eum licet
(shouldn't be used in passive)

Front 59

I must go

Back 59

necesse est mihi ire

Front 60

oportet
+ past time

Back 60

perfect tense and present infinitive

Front 61

intransitive verbs cannot have a pssive, instead

Back 61

an impersonal verb is used

Front 62

if we do not want to specify who is doing it, + intransitive verb
eg the battle was found long and hard

Back 62

impersonally
diu atque criter pugnatum est

Front 63

DO NOT SAY
it is said that Catullus loved...>>>

Back 63

Catullus is said to have loved

Front 64

it is to my advantage
+ possessive adjective
otherwise

Back 64

mea interest, intereat, interfuit
ablative of person in singular feminine
genitive of person

Front 65

to remember

Back 65

memini meminisse
(imperitive - memento, te)
+ acc of thing, gen of person

Front 66

to hate

Back 66

odi odisse
future participle- osurus a um

Front 67

know ( a person)

Back 67

novi novisse

Front 68

know (facts)

Back 68

scio, ire ivi itum

Front 69

remember, hate, know (a person)

Back 69

present>>>PERFECT
past>>>>PLUPERFECT
future>>>FUTURE PERFECT

Front 70

to begin

Back 70

incipio ere coepi coeptum
infin active, incipio active
infin passive, incipio passive

Front 71

I have long been wishing to see you

Back 71

iam dudum, pridem, diu te videre volo
Note:
insertion of IAM
perfect>>>PRESENT
pluperfect>>>IMPERFECT

Front 72

after

Back 72

post quam
indicative
pluperfect> perfect
present>pres,fut,fut pf

Front 73

when

Back 73

ubi, ut
indicative
plup>perfect
pres> present, fut, perfect

Front 74

as soon as

Back 74

simul ac/atque
ut/cum primum
indicative
plup>perfect
pres> present, fut, perfect

Front 75

after+ future

Back 75

DON'T use postquam
USE cum/ubi

Front 76

since, although

Back 76

(although, follow with tamen)
subjunctive
observe sequence of tenses

Front 77

when (pt 2)

Back 77

cum
hist- subj-sequence of tenses
primary-indic-present>>present, future, future perfect

Front 78

inverted cum

Back 78

+present/perfect indicative
when (a) comes at end of sentence
(b) contains most important information

Front 79

whenever

Back 79

cum, ubi
followed by indicative,
primary> perfect
historic> pluperfect
future> future perfect

Front 80

convey repetition of action in the past

Back 80

ubi, ut, simul ac, quotiens + pluperfect
present/future- quotiens

Front 81

until
before

Back 81

dum, donec, quoad
ante quam, prius quam
subjunctive if referring to future, containing 'could', containing idea of purpose, otherwise indicative

Front 82

dum

Back 82

while - indicative- present
exactly as long as- natural tense

Front 83

as long as, provided that

Back 83

dum, dum modo
subjunctive, natural tense

Front 84

tenses used with UT purpose

Back 84

primary-present
historic-imperfect

Front 85

in order that not, lest, in case

Back 85

ne

Front 86

....that no-one

Back 86

ne quis

Front 87

...that nothing

Back 87

ne quid

Front 88

...that no

Back 88

ne ullus a um

Front 89

that never

Back 89

ne umquam

Front 90

...that nowhere

Back 90

ne usquam

Front 91

2nd clause...and not

Back 91

neu, neve

Front 92

for this reason

Back 92

idcirco, ideo

Front 93

for this, that purpose

Back 93

eo

Front 94

on this account

Back 94

propterea

Front 95

with this, that intention

Back 95

eo consilio

Front 96

for this, that reason

Back 96

ea causa , ea re

Front 97

What happens if the purpose clause contains any kind of comparitive adjective or adverb?

Back 97

ut>>quo

Front 98

alternative to ut

Back 98

qui, particularly after verbs of motion and sending, and when the relative applies to the subject or the object of the sentence

Front 99

open ordinary or factual conditionals

Back 99

indicative

Front 100

Open conds,
tense,
reference to past/present

Back 100

follow tense of english

Front 101

open condition,
tense,
future, and action of if clause IS SIMULTANEOUS TO that of main clause

Back 101

future in BOTH CLAUSES

Front 102

open condition,
tense,
future, and action of the if clause PRECEDES that of the main clause

Back 102

FUT PERF in if clause,
FUTURE in main clause

Front 103

hypothetical conditions

Back 103

subjunctive

Front 104

hypothetical conditions
past time>>>

Back 104

pluperfect subjunctive

Front 105

hypothetical conditions
present time>>>

Back 105

imperfect subjunctive

Front 106

hypothetical conditions
future time>>>

Back 106

present subjunctive`

Front 107

hypothetical conditions
main clause,
debeo, possum, esse + gerund, fut participle, or infinitve

Back 107

INDICITIVE

Front 108

if any, some

Back 108

quis, quid

Front 109

if any

Back 109

ullus a um

Front 110

if anywhere

Back 110

si cubi

Front 111

if ver

Back 111

si umquam

Front 112

but if

Back 112

quod si

Front 113

if on the other hand

Back 113

sin, sin autem

Front 114

even if

Back 114

etiamsi

Front 115

as if

Back 115

velut si

Front 116

whether...or

Back 116

sive...sive
seu...seu

Front 117

in the hope that, in case

Back 117

si forte, + present/imperfect subj

Front 118

if= provided that

Back 118

dum (modo) + subjunctive

Front 119

result:

Back 119

ut- even when neg +
subj- follow tense of english

Front 120

result
that...no

Back 120

ut non

Front 121

result
that...no-one

Back 121

ut nemo

Front 122

result
that nothing

Back 122

ut nihil

Front 123

result
that no

Back 123

ut nullus

Front 124

result
that never

Back 124

ut numquam

Front 125

that nowhere

Back 125

ut nusquam

Front 126

result main clause:
of such a kind, such

Back 126

talis is e

Front 127

so great, so large

Back 127

tantus a um

Front 128

so many

Back 128

tot

Front 129

so often

Back 129

totiens

Front 130

so (adj/adv)

Back 130

tam

Front 131

so (verb)

Back 131

adeo

Front 132

to such a degree

Back 132

tantopere

Front 133

so, in such a way

Back 133

ita, sic

Front 134

expressions in result:
it happens that (4)

Back 134

accidit ut
contingit ut
evenit ut
fit ut

Front 135

I bring it about that

Back 135

efficio ut