Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
When did Christopher Columbus reach the New World? |
1492 |
|
|
When was the Spice Road blocked? |
1453 |
|
|
What is Limpieza de Sangre? |
-a proof certificate that one's ancestors are of Spanish parentage |
|
|
What is Treaty of Tordesillas? |
1494 -it divides New World between Spain and Portugal |
|
|
When did Hernán Cortés arrive to New World and what city did he conquer? |
1519 -Tenochtitlán- capital city of the Aztec Empire |
|
|
Who conquered the Inca empire? |
1533 Francisco Pizarro |
|
|
Who was Montezuma? |
Aztec king |
|
|
What is mercantilism? |
-early capitalism -accumulation of capital and profit -selling goods for more than original price (enslaving workers increased profits) |
|
|
Comment on slave trade in Latin America. |
-at first enslaved indigenous people- they were killed or diseases such as common cold and small-pox rapidly decreased the population -afterwards African rulers and merchants 'provided' slaves from Africa -12 million slaves imported to America -slave/servant -worked 15-18 hours per day on plantations, often till dead -largest migration in the history |
|
|
Describe Haitian revolt. |
-1791 -100,000 slaves took part -burned cane fields and killed whites -plantations desolate, destruction of irrigation system -revolt led by Francois-Domingue Toussaint L'ouverture |
|
|
Comment on Spanish Inquisition. |
-it begins in Lima in 1569 -heretics 'allowed' to repent or be put to death -Inquisition spread throughout the continent -degenerates into witch-hunts -any unusual behaviour counted as heresy- crime against the faith -Inquisition served as a tool of social control |
|
|
What happened during the revolt in Mexico in 1810? |
-led by priest Miguel Hidalgo -united mestizos and indians agains criollos and peninsulares -Hidalgo defeated by Spanish forces -replaced by mestizo priest- José María Morelos -Mexican defeated in formal battles -they adopted the methods of guerilla warfare -Morelos captured and executed in 1815 |
|
|
Who is Simón Bolívar? |
-1816- Bolívar uprisings against the Spanish -he wants United States of South America (based on what they did in the North America) -Battle of Boyacá- 1819 -he defeats Spaniards in a surprise attack -Bolívar leads movements in Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama |
|
|
Who leads revolt movements in Argentina, Chile and Peru? |
José de San Martín |
|
|
When does North America and Mexico declare independence? |
1821 |
|
|
When did Brazil declare independence? |
1822 |
|
|
Who was Porfirio Díaz? |
-1876-1910 -Mexican dictator -wanted to attract foreign investors from GB, USA to get capital for economic development -tried to attract immigrants- for successful economy a bigger population is needed -over 60% of Mexican economy is controlled by foreigners that invest because of cheap labour source (low wages, inequality) -he introduced slavery again to get rid of Indians- programme of genocide- the population goes from 30.000 to 6.000 -railway expansion- 10.000 miles of new railway -forced farmers into wage labour -opened the indigenous land to colonisation |
|
|
Who were los científicos? |
-supporters of Porfirio Díaz |
|
|
Who was Francisco Madero? |
-he challenged Porfirio Díaz when he refused to step down -he defeated him in 1911 -he was less revolutionary than he promised -replaced by Victoriano Huerta -Madero assassinated |
|
|
Who was Victoriano Huerta? |
-he was a Díaz supporter -he faced two rebellions: 1. led by Francisco 'Pancho' Villa 2. led by Emiliano Zapata -US ended Huerta's regime in 1914 |
|
|
When was the Modern Constitution of Mexico established and what was it about? |
1917 -limited the power of church -restricted foreign corporations -benefits to labour- less working hours per day -introduces agrarian reform- effort to redistribute the land |
|
|
When was the National Revolutionary Party created? |
1929 |
|
|
When did the Spain loose Cuba as a colony and what happened with Cuba afterwards? |
1898 -struggle for independence -US intervened and Cuba became US colony in all but name -US troops returned repeatedly to suppress revolts safeguard economic system -US investors owned 2/3 of arable land -export of drugs to US (especially heroine) -Havana- playground for elites |
|
|
Who was Fulgencio Batista? |
-a general placed in power in Cuba by the US -he had close links to mafia -he violently quashed challenges to the regime -instituted gambling -under his rule, the land was owned by foreign companies -natural resources were exploited by foreign investors |
|
|
When did Cuban revolution happen? |
1.1. 1959 -overthrow of Batista government -armed revolt -Castro and his forces trained in Mexico for 2 years before arrival in Cuba -less than 200 men -Cuban army and police force between 30.000- 40.000 |
|
|
Who was Che Guevara? |
-he led Cuban revolution as well -later organised revolutionary forces in Africa and later in Bolivia -he was assassinated in Bolivia by CIA |
|
|
Who was Fidel Castro? |
-in 1959 he took power in Cuba, nationalised natural resources and redistributed land -that incurred wrath of the US and so they imposed economic embargo -Batista agents, policemen and soldiers put on public trial for human rights abuses and war crimes, including murder and torture -healthcare and school for free -educational reform -low mortal rate -literacy campaigns -improvement in healthcare and social welfare |
|
|
What does Third World Nationalism mean? |
-people that live in the country should control it |
|
|
What is the invasion at Bay of Pigs and when did it happen? |
1961 -it was a CIA organised invasion -ended up in failure -a full-scale invasion of Cuba by 1,400 American-trained Cubans who had fled their homes when Castro took over -the invaders were badly outnumbered by Castro’s troops |
|
|
What was Operation Mongoose? |
-a secret program against Cuba aimed at removing the Communists from power -organised by the US- CIA -located in Miami -air and commando raids by exiles -destruction of oil refineries, chemical plants, railroad bridges, cane fields, sugar mills, warehouses- to damage Cuban economy -attacks on Cuban fishing boats, commercial shipping -the operation's budget- 50$/year -agreements made with the local press to keep the campaign from public view -countries pressured to conform to US embargo -goods destined for Cuba sabotaged -sugar frequently contaminated by the CIA -in 1971, CIA used virus causing African swine fever, forced slaughter of 500.000 pigs |
|
|
Who was Salvador Allende? |
-Chilean president -promised large-scale social reforms, redistribution of wealth, educational programmes, nationalisation of major industries and natural resources (copper) -won in 1970 and 1973 -Henry Kissinger encouraged Chilean military to stage a coup, assassinations on Allende unsuccessful |
|
|
What is neo- liberalism? |
-liberalise trade and finance -let markets set price -end inflation -privatise -free trade- often enforced by violent military rule -reductions in government spending in order to enhance the role of the private sector in the economy -World Bank and International Monetary Fund agreed to reschedule in return for structural changes in L. American debtor economies -reduction of public expenditure -reduction of social services and support for the poorest groups -reduction of agricultural subsidies for small farmers (that exposed the small farmers to competition from well-funded producers) |
|
|
What is drug war- Plan Colombia? |
-US plan to stop drug produce in Colombia -very profitable for US arms producers -disastrous for Colombia, particularly areas with their crops destroyed by spraying -spraying also contaminated water and soil and killed surrounding vegetation -4 million people displaced in Colombia |
|
|
What is Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)? |
-is a trade agreement currently under negotiation -it would expand the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
