Latin America Test

Front 1

acculturation

Back 1

when members of a cultural group adapt their beliefs to starts adopting those of another group. Example: Someone moving from Spain to come live in the US decides to not learn English. They continue living their life the way it was in Spain, just now, in the US.

Front 2

assimilation

Back 2

process of a person adopting the social and psychological characteristics of another group. Example: When two nearby culture groups influence each others ways of lives.

Front 3

Aztecs

Back 3

a 16th century American-Indian group dominant in Mexico. Example: Someone who lived in Mexico apart of this tribe, that dominated the area before the Spanish did, was an Aztec.

Front 4

biodiversity

Back 4

the variety of species and organisms Example: The United States has a good variety of biodiversity between all the different cultures that live in our country.

Front 5

brain drain

Back 5

when intelligent people emigrate to another country Example: People that leave less developed nations to go to a developed nation so that they can find a better job

Front 6

contested space

Back 6

land that is in argument over by 2 or more people/groups Example: Many wars that were fought to decide who owns what land was once contested land.

Front 7

coup d’etat

Back 7

an sudden act to seize power in any form of government Example: The Nazis taking over all the power of Germany

Front 8

Creoles

Back 8

someone with mixed black and european descent Example: A creole usually is found in the Caribbean

Front 9

dictator

Back 9

a single ruler that usually rules under very strict instruction Example: Hitler was a dictator

Front 10

early extractive phase

Back 10

a phase in central and South America, that began with the Spanish conquest, which was dependent on raw materials Example: The needs for things like minerals

Front 11

ecotourism

Back 11

tourism towards environmentally affected areas to get people to know and support Example: There are many tours in South American countries such as Guatemala, Bolivia, Belize, and Venezuela

Front 12

el nino

Back 12

a tropical warming of the oceans coming from south America, occurring every 4-12 years Example: There was a very strong one in 1982

Front 13

evangelical Protestantism

Back 13

a worldwide Protestant Movement Example: Beginning in Britain in the late 1730s

Front 14

export processing zones

Back 14

an area where one is allowed to import machinery for the exporting of goods Example: Areas without tariffs

Front 15

extended family

Back 15

family that is beyond your nuclear family Example: AUnts, uncles, cousins

Front 16

favelas

Back 16

a Brazilian slum. Example: In Rio de Janeiro there are many favelas

Front 17

haciendas

Back 17

a large plantation with a house on top of it Example: A farmer with slaves may live on a hacienda

Front 18

import substitution industrialization

Back 18

economic theory that starts by a market industry, by decreasing the dependency on developed nations Example: started to increase the use of local products instead of importing

Front 19

incas

Back 19

South American Indian tribe living in the Andes Example: someone who lived in the Andes before the rule of the Spanish

Front 20

income disparity

Back 20

difference of incomes from wealthier and less wealthy people Example: the closer to equal the incomes, the lower the income disparity

Front 21

indigenous

Back 21

originating from an area Example: the Native Americans were indigenous to the area before the British came

Front 22

liberation theology

Back 22

movement in Christian theology Example: liberation from the social, economic, and political oppression

Front 23

machismo

Back 23

strong masculine pride Example: sexism

Front 24

maquiladoras

Back 24

a foreign country running a factory in Mexico and exporting items back to that foreign country Example: Fisher-Price is a maquiladora

Front 25

marianismo

Back 25

the role of the female Example: the stereotypical job of the woman to work in the house

Front 26

marketization

Back 26

the exposure of an industry to the market economy Example: the Russian economy

Front 27

mercantilism

Back 27

the belief of the benefits of trading Example; the economic theory saying that trade leads to wealth

Front 28

mercosur

Back 28

sub region of south american countries Example: includes, Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela

Front 29

mestizos

Back 29

a man of mixed race Example: mostly used in Latin America

Front 30

nationalize

Back 30

when a privately owned business or industry becomes nationally known or owned by the government Example: the post office

Front 31

North American Free Trade Agreement

Back 31

an agreement eliminating most tariffs between North American countries Example: reducing prices on imported goods

Front 32

plantation

Back 32

plot of land owned by an individual which grows crops Example: sugar plantation

Front 33

populist movements

Back 33

a revolt led by southern farmers against democrats and republicans for ignoring their needs Example: farmers did this because they were having crop failures, and trouble getting money

Front 34

primate city

Back 34

a leading city of an area Example: typically the most urbanized

Front 35

privatization

Back 35

process in which an industry moves from a public to a private sector

Front 36

shifting cultivation

Back 36

agricultural process where an areas vegetation is cleared, and cultivated, then the land is abandoned until fertility is back to normal Example: used in tropical Africa

Front 37

structural adjustment policies

Back 37

policies for developing countries that have been using loans given by the World Bank Example:

Front 38

How were the highlands and lowlands created in the Americas?

Back 38

Highlands were created by the Andes in the South, and Rockies in North America. Lowlands were created by the many rivers that formed a river basin. Since the caribbean is in the middle of the ocean, the building up magma underneath has created volcanoes. A disruptive effect volcanoes have on the population is the constant need to evacuate due to eruptions. Since there’s so many volcanoes always erupting, people are always leaving the areas or losing their homes.

Front 39

Explain altitudinal zonation.

Back 39

Altitudinal zonation is is the different types of vegetation and crops that can grow in a certain area depending on it’s vegetation.

Front 40

What regional and global affect does el nino have in this region of the world?

Back 40

The regional effects of El Nino are flooding and temperature changes. Water gets warmer, warming the area. Global effects are the fishing industries. When the temperature of the waters change, the fish leave, leaving nothing for these industries to sell and send out to other countries.

Front 41

How are the processes of global warming and deforestation linked?

Back 41

Global warming and deforestation both destroy habitats. In both phenomenons, vegetations are lost due to human actions mostly

Front 42

In this region of abundant water resources, what factors have come together to create a water crisis?

Back 42

Sudden rapid urbanization, misguided and unfollowed policies, and a lack of adequate investment has led to a water crisis. This water crisis leaves many without access to clean water, later leading to sanitation problems

Front 43

In what way does burning of forests contribute to climate change?

Back 43

Deforestation causes warm moist areas to not be as moist once trees and vegetation are gone, since trees return water vapor back to the atmosphere through the water cycle. Plants breathe in carbon dioxide, and if there aren’t any plants to take in it, there’s a huge carbon buildup in our atmosphere.

Front 44

Explain the 3 main phases of economic development in this region. What have been outcome of each phase.

Back 44

The first phase is early extraction phase. In this phase, things are dependent upon raw materials. Next is the Import Substitution Industrialization phase. This is when governments create policies (ISI) which encourage local productions of machinery which had been previously imported from other countries. Lastly, there’s the structural adjustment policies. These require the need for more economic reorganization, and less government involvement in industries, agricultural activities, and social services.

Front 45

How has recent dissatisfaction with SAPs and globalization been expressed through the democratic process?

Back 45

Since 1999, presidents who oppose SAP’s have been elected in the areas like Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Uruguay and Venezuela. Argentina and Brazil both made sacrifices so they could pay off their debts and isolate themselves from SAP’s.

Front 46

How has the shift toward green revolution style agriculture encouraged urbanization?

Back 46

Green-revolution has encouraged urbanization by not having as many available jobs. With women unable to do as many jobs as are needed in agriculture, most of them move to urban areas, where a job can easily be found. Not only does this appeal to women, but to disabled people who are unable to walk around all day on a plantation. For these people, sitting behind a desk is a much easier job than walking around attending crops all day

Front 47

Explain the problems this region faces as it continues to be challenged by oppressive governments.

Back 47

In Latin America, a democracy is hard to start because of all the dictatorships that continue to rule. Through a dictatorship, there is no higher authority, so there’s no way of getting rid of them

Front 48

How is the drug trade a major obstacle to democracy in this region?

Back 48

The drug trade has caused many problems in trying to form a democracy for Latin American countries. Because of the consequences for making drugs in many of these countries, violence has uproared, causing erosion on the rule of law, and humans rights violations. Many crime groups are responsible for these things. This is the major obstacle of democracy for Latin America.

Front 49

How has the growth of the internet helped the service sector employment?

Back 49

The internet has helped the service sector a lot in opening up new jobs. The internet has allowed for the creation of new jobs, like musicians posting songs online, teachers teaching to online students, or even selling items online.

Front 50

What drove the population explosion that occurred in this region during the twentieth century?

Back 50

The Mexican Revolution in the 20th century caused many people to flee towards Latin America, because of the disruption of peace and the economy in Mexico and the United States. The political culture of 20th century Latin America caused the sudden need of urban labor, which opened many job opportunities

Front 51

What factors in the regions development are straining family ties and traditional gender roles?

Back 51

As a region develops, its political systems open up more job opportunities. With more job opportunities, women are given more access to an equal job a man can have, which strains traditional gender roles. In some cases nowadays, women are holding higher positions than men, which changes historical traditions of gender roles and equality.