Latin America Last Set

Front 1

Hay-Herran Treaty- Jan 1903

Back 1

1) US gives Colombia $10 million plus $250k annually.

2) Colomb. gives US 6 miles wide canal zone for 100 years renewable if the US wants it. Colombia approaches- Pan Canal Corp and asks for $10million. The US says no. Colombia Increas. US payment from $10 million to $15million Roosevelt is outraged. Colombia senate unanimously turns down the treaty.

Front 2

1) Delome Letter-Feb. 9th 1898

Back 2

Spanish Minister

a) Delome Insults Pres. Mckinley

b) suggests that Spain is insencere in negot. w/ USA- playing for time

Front 3

March 1898 US to Spain

Back 3

1) immediate termination of reconstruction policy (Spain had suspended not abolished it) 2) armistice (accept Cuban indep.)

3) accept of "good office of US" (3rd party to negotiate)

4) calls for Cuban Indepe.

Front 4

Spain responds:

Back 4

1) abolish the reconstruction policy

2) cease fire April 1898

Front 5

Teller passes [Teller Amenment] of April 16th

Back 5

1) rejected US sovereignity over Cuba

2) US "jurisdiction or control of Cuba for reasons of pacification" Pacification-"stability, protect life, liberty, property it gave the US intervention in another country.

Front 6

Spanish American 1 May- 12 August 18th Treaty of Paris 10 Dec. 1898-1899

Back 6

1)Spain relinquishes sovereignity over Cuba

2) Spain cedes Puerto Rico, Guam cedes Phillipines to the US

3) US pays Spain $20M for Phillipines

Front 7

Spanish- American war consequence

Back 7

1) consolidated US hegemony in WH 2) Project US power/ interests into Asia 3) Creating a system of protectorates 4) US annexes Hawaii

Front 8

Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909

Back 8

1) 4th extens. of Monroe Doctrine

a) B and Germ. blockade Venezuela for non-payment of debt. Leave it and take their case to the World Court. MD prohibits European use of military force in WH to collect debt.

Front 9

2nd Treaty - Hay-Pauncefote- Nov. 1901

Back 9

US has exclusive control and fortification rights for central-american canal. Walker Comm- NC route 8 Jan, 1902. Congress passes the Spooner Act June 1902. Approved Pan route, buy Pan Canal Comp. assets for $40Million

Front 10

Hay-Herran Treaty- Jan 1903

Back 10

1) US gives Colombian $10 million plus $250k annually.

2) Colomb. gives US 6 miles wide canal zone for 100 years renewable if the US wants it. Colombia approaches- Pan Canal Corp and asks for $10million. The US says no. Colombia Increas. US payment from $10 million to $15million Roosevelt is outraged. Colombia senate unanimously turns down the treaty.

Front 11

Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty 23rd Feb. 1904 (treaty 18th, Nov. 1903)

Back 11

1) Perpetual land of Grant 10 miles wide to the US where the US possesses "all rights, power, and authority as if it were the sovereign of the territory"

2) US would protect Panimanian Indep.

3) US would pay Panama $10 million

4) after 9 years US would pay Panama an annual fee of $250k

5) US would pay Panama Comp. Co $40 million.

Front 12

Roosevelt Coorolatary to the Monroe Doctrine

Back 12

(5th applica. to the Monroe Doctrine)

US would enforce internal law in the WH to preclude European Intervent. b/c MD "prohibits" such intervention.

Front 13

First Applicat. of RCOTMD:

Back 13

Dominican Republic Jan 1905 US Domini. Rep. Agreement

1) US would manage the DR debt.

2) US officials collected tarriff revenue for DR est. debt repayment schedule.

Front 14

Dollar Diplomacy

Back 14

1) use of US govt. and privates capitol to incr. LA stability and decrea. causes for Europe. intervention.

a) US bank loans to LA

b) encourage private US invest. in LA

c) US officials in charge of LA customs houses.

Front 15

Augt. 1913 pres. Wilson- Plan:

Back 15

1) armistice 2)free elections 3) Huerta not a candidate 4) US will recog. a new gov. 5) hint of US aid Carranza

Front 16

9 April 1914 Mexican arrests US sailors officers

Back 16

Henry Mayo- commander (big ego of alaska)

Demands a formal 21 gun salute and an apology. 20th April 1914- USA use of force US troops attack Veracruz on 21st April occupy-----> (US troops evacuate Veracruz Nov. 1914)

Front 17

Wilson and Caribbean Basin 1913-1921

Back 17

1) Haiti-Wilson sends troops in 1915 to est. order: 2k marines (intervention US of miltary force)? 1915-19342) Dominican Republic- Revolu. breaks out sept. 1913May 1916- sends 400 maines US Military gov. 1916- 1924 New Treaty Customs Receiver Ship

3) Nicaragua US troops 1909-1910, 1912-1925Byron-Chamorro Treaty approved feb. 1916Nicaragua gives the USa canal option: US gives Nicaragua $3million

4) Wilson sends troops to Cuba 1917-1922

5) Wilson sends troops to Panama twice, Honduras 5x's

6) USA purchases the Virgin Islands from Denmark

Front 18

Brazil- USA UNWRITTEN ALLIANCE

Back 18

(Commissions) 1) Bolivia 1903 2)Venezuela 3) Colombia 1907 4) Peru 1909 Gained territory in these 4 disputes equal in the size of France Three Foreign Policy Goals:

1) Delinate and expand Brazils borders.

2) leadership role in SA

3) increa. prestige and power for Brazil

Front 19

Drago Doctrine (1902)

Back 19

Luis Drago could not be the basis for armed inter. or occupation of a territo. of any Americ. State.

Front 20

Calvo Clasue (doctrine)

Back 20

Carlo Calvo Argentine, no state shall interfere in the affairs of another state for any reason. State [sovereignty]:no higher authority in that territory.

Front 21

1) First Pan-American Wash. DC 1889-1890 Secret. of state- Blaine [Pan-Am Union]

Back 21

a) est. common office of the American Republics

Front 22

2) Second American Conf. Mexico City 1901

Back 22

1)accepted voluntary arbitr. b) right of aliens 3) arbitra. of financial claims

Front 23

3) Third Pan-Am Conf. Rio De Janeiro 1906

Back 23

Not a disaster greek (evil star) Secret. of State Elihu Root convinces the delegates that the US has no interests in conquests or occupation it accepts juridicial equality of states.

Front 24

4) Pan-Am Constitu. Buenos Aires 1910

Back 24

Changes the name of the organiz. of Pan-Am Union to Organiz. of the WH

Front 25

5) Fifth Intern-American Conference- Santiago de Cuba, 1923

Back 25

Mexico, Chile, and Peru did not attend. LA attendees pushed very strongly for US renunciation of right if intervention. Secret. of State Charles Evan Hughes MD seld detente LA Region Organization- US no

Front 26

6) Sixth Intern- American Havana 1928

Back 26

Calvin Coolidge attends 1st, presiden. to attend. Stalemate- LA is trying to limit US power through the adoption of both doctrines. LA resolution- no state has a right to intervene in the internal affairs of another for any reason USA blocked action.

Front 27

Constitution of 1917, Article 27, Mexico,

Back 27

Mexico, owns all subsoil rights. US Mexico must abandon Art. 27, Mexico not going to change constituion, Mexico needed diplom. recogn by the US to get bank loans.

Front 28

Bucarli Conference/ Agreement

Back 28

Mexico Supreme court- foreigners would not exper retro-active enfor. of article 27 if they had engaged in "postitive acts". To develop their land. Charles Evans Highes (1921-1925) Calvin Coolidge (1923-29) 31st Augs. 1923- Bucarli Agreem. USA extends diplom. recogn. to Mexico

Front 29

USA Caribbean Basin:

Back 29

1) US removes troops from Dominican Republic in 1924

2)US removes troops from Nicaragua 1925

Front 30

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)-(Henry Stinson- Secret. of State)

Back 30

1) US removes troops from Nicaragua Jan. 1932

2) US refues to send troops troops to LA countries which exper. revolts "good neighboor"

Front 31

FDR1933-1945 Good Neighboor:

Back 31

1) Trade reciprocity (mutual reduction of tariffs)

2) non-intervention (military)

3) non-interference (not used non military means) to change gov./ govt. personel govt. policy

Front 32

Multi-Lateral Confernces-

Back 32

Cuba, Panama, USA LA WWII, Multi-Lateral Conference framework, 9th inter-american Dec. 1938.

Agree to work multi laterally in case of European War. Meetings of consultation 1st Sept. 1939 WH Neutrality, 300 mile security zone.

Front 33

US-LA WWII WH

Back 33

1) Panama Canal-Colombia

2) Bulge of Brazil land lease 1941 US foreign any program-prez- 1)Britain 2) USSR

Front 34

(Truman Doctrine)

Back 34

1) Greatest Threat to the US is Communism

2) Communism great. threat b/c its an expansion (ideology)

3) Comm. is the great. threat b/c ideology of the 2nd most powerful country in the world. 4) US is only country that is able limit (contain) communist expansion Policies:

1) foreign aid a) military b) economic aid

2) covert action 3) regional military alliances 4) use of US troops

Front 35

Rio Pact:

Back 35

Creates 1st regional collection organiz. an attack on one alliance on all. 1947 (2/3 of states) organiz. of America State 1848. US sends military aid.

Front 36

Good Neighboor:

Back 36

Policy of US gov. towards LA during presidency of FDR (1933-1945). The Good Neigboor Policy has three components:

1) committment to principle of non-intervention

2) committment to principle of non-interference;

3) trade repicprocity

Front 37

Reasons for the implementation of the Good neighboor?

Back 37

1) US realized the depth of hostility to it by LA countries because US refusal to accept principles of non-intervention and non-interference and that that hostility was hindering the attainment of its foreign policy goals.

2) US Open Door Policy in China (no country should be given preferential treatment within China and that Chinese territorial integrity and sovereignity should be respected by all countries) put the USA in opposition to Japanese intervention in China while the USA was defending its intervention in LA.

Front 38

(7th) Pan-American Conference at Montevideo, Uruguay (November 1933)

Back 38

the USA supported the resolution "no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another" in principle but reserved the right to intervene if the defense of US citizens or property required it in compliance with a treaty or international law.

Front 39

(8th) Pan-American Conference at Buenos Aires (1936)

Back 39

President Roosevelt attended and the USA unconditionaly accepted of the principle in 1936 in the USA under Roosevelt and his Secretary of State Cordell Hull (1933-1944) were implementing the Good Neighboor in LA. In August 1933 by an executive agreement, US withdrew its Marines from Haiti.

Front 40

1939 New Treaty - USA/CUBA

Back 40

1) US protecorate of Panama abolished

2) USA right of intervention in Panama cancelled

3) USA renounced right to claim additional territory in Panama outside of the Canal Zone 4) USA annual payments to Panama increased from $250k-$430k

Front 41

USA retreated from its position for arbitration because: Mexico and USA on oil 1942

Back 41

1) Success of Germany in first year of WWII

2) Sinclair Oil (US Company) and Mexico came to an agreement on compensation

3) US settlement with Bolivia over its expropriation of US oil properties.

Front 42

Section 3:Of Good Neighbor-Trade recicprocity

Back 42

the economic side of the GN. The US gov. establ. the Export-Inport Bank in 1934 to provide loans to US bussinesses to help them increase exports of their products.

Front 43

the Reciprocal Trade Act of 1934-

Back 43

which allowed the president to negotiate bi-lateral trade agreements designed to lower tariffs between the US and the other country. (From 1929 to 1932 US exports to LA fell by 78%. USA signed reciprocal trade treaties with eleven LA countries from 1934-1939 and signed 4 additional treaties from 1940- 1945. These treaties helped reverse declines in US- LA trade.

Front 44

9th Pan-American conference in Lima, Peru in December 1939 resolution

Back 44

passed a resolution, sometimes referred to as the Declaration of Lima, that all the countries would consult multilaterally in case an European war broke out or other threats to the West Hemisp. security emerged.

Front 45

The First Meeting of Consultation of Foreign Affairs Ministers was held in Panama City.

Back 45

1)The conference est. west. hemips. neutrality by establ. a 300 mile security zone around North and South America and told the belligerants to stay out.

2) The US Congress passed amendments to the Neutrality Acts whereby countries could buy US armaments as long as they paid for them. (Nov 1939)

3)At the second meeting of consultation in Havana, July 1940 the countries passed a resolution for the West. hemisp. collective security.i.e. and attack on one country will be viewed as an attack on all countries in the west. hemisp. and accepted the no transfer principle.

4) In Sept. 1940 USA and Britain to exchange 50 USdestroyers for British military bases in the WH. In June 1940, US congress overwhemingly passed no-transfer resolution.

5) US congress passed law - lend lease in March 1941. The law authorized the US president to sell, exchange, lease, lend, defense artices to any country whose defense he considered vital to the defense of the USA.

6) After Pearl Harbor, the Third Meeting of Consultation met in Rio De Janeiro in January 1942. The conference recommended but did not require (like Hull wanted) that the WH countries break diplom. relations with the Axis countries.

7) 9 Countries of the Caribbean Basin did so in Dec. 1940 Very quickly all LA countries had broken diplomatic relations with the Axis except: Chile (until Jan. 1943) and Argentin. (Jan. 1944)

Front 46

Emergency Advisory Comittee for Political Defense

Back 46

based in Montevido, Uruguay to report on espionage and subversion; and est. an Inter-American Defense Board with headquarters in Washington DC and represented by military officials of all of the American republics.

Front 47

USA gave Brazil massive economic aid in exchange for wartime cooperation.

Back 47

Background: Brazil had had a strong trade relations with Germany in late 1930's. 1/6 of B exports went to Germany yet Brazil turned to allies. WHY?:

1) Brazil knew that Germany could not continue its side of the trade realtionship during wartime.

2) war would also prevent Gernany sending military supplies to Brazil.

3) Brazil would gain clear economic advantage from increased trade with the USA.

Front 48

Under the Land- Lease Act,

Back 48

the USA announced in march 1942 that it would lend Brazil $100million for production of strategiv items; 14 million for iron productions and railroads, 5million for rubber production; and 5 million for health.

Front 49

After Germany sank 17 Brazilian ships, Brazil declared war on Germany on August 22, 1942

Back 49

Vargas granted US Admiral Ingrim temporary authority over tht Brazilian navy and air force during WWII, Brazil received $200million in military aid. WWII helped Brazil to create the most powerful armed forces in LA.

Front 50

At Chapultepec Conference in March 1945

Back 50

Argentina promised to declare war on Germany and Japan and did so on March 27th, 1945. US ambassador Spruille Braden in May 1945 tried to undercut the Argentine military gov. unsuccessfully.

Front 51

In January 1942 USA and Mexico establ. a Joint Mexico-USA Defense Comission.

Back 51

German subs sank two Mexican tankers (Mexico had broken dipomatic relations with the Axis days after Pearl Harbor) in May 1942 and Mexican Congress declared war on the Axis. Mexico used the $40 million in lend lease money for the military. Mexico sent an air squadron to the Phillipines which engaged in combat from June to August 1945.

Front 52

Chile was neutral in 1939, 1940, 1941, and 1942.

Back 52

Japan had made it clear that Chile would not be attacked if they stayed neutral. Nazis were allowed to operate as a legal party but subject to intemittent harassment. Chile demanded a special defense agreement with USA and antiaircraft weapons and recon planes in order to break relations with the Axis. USA was understanding of Chile's position early in the war because it knew that it could not protect Chile from Japanese attacks. USA sent a memo to Inter-American Emergency Advisory Comittee concerning Axis espionage activities in Chile. When the memo was made public, Chile broke dipomatic relations with the Axis in January 1943, signed the Lend Lease Agreement in March 1943, and declared war on Axis in February 1945.

Front 53

Colombia

Back 53

was very important to USA because it was the closest country on mainland of South America to the Panama Canal. Colombian policy in WWII was molded by president Eduardo Santos 1938-1942. In 1938, Santos invited a US naval mission to replace a British naval group to train the Colombian navy. In mid-1939 he promised that no one would would be allowed to menace the Panama Canal from Colombia. In 1939, German personnel of the Colombia airline were discharged and replaced by Colombian and US pilots. Colombia broke off diplo. relations with Japan and Germany shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Colombia froze the assets of all axis nationals in 1943. Colombia signed a Lend Lease agreem. in May 1942 totalling $6.5 million an sent all of its rubber production to the US. Declared war on Axis on November 1943

Front 54

17th March 1959 - A program of covert action against the Castro regime

Back 54

1) Est. a responsible opposition to Castro outside of Cuba

2) Develop. a paramilitary force outside of Cuba

3) Est. a propaganda offensive against Castro within Cuba

4) est. a covert action/ intelligence within Cuba

Front 55

July 1960- Eisenhower Authorizes a social progress trust find. $500million US loans, health ed, housing land reform (IDB)

Back 55

Eisenhower

1) Prohibits US refineries in Cuba processing Soviet Crude (Oil)

2) Decre. US Cuban Sugar quote by 70,000 tons

3) Imposed a trade embargo prohibiting all US exports to Cuba except food/medicine

Front 56

Alliance for Progress- Aid program:

Back 56

1) goals were to end illiteracy, hunger and disease in LA

2) US promised $500 million to support economic planning and socio-economic reforms- democracies

3) Goal- 2.5% growth per year

Front 57

Reasons for failure of A for P (The Kennedy and Johnson gave $18billion in public and [private] investment)

Back 57

1) LA elite hostile to reform, saw reform leading to revolutions

2) US inflated expect. solve centuries problems in 10 years (35 year life expectancy) 90% illiterate.

3) LA pop. 3% incr. per year

4) LA structural equalities land distribut. 5%-7%

Front 58

Kennedy-Covert action proposal BAY OF PIGS

Back 58

US joint chief of state -failure. CIA-1,500 Face 225,000 Cuban troops.

15th April- Deploy an Air Strike against Cuba Castro- anti-Castro cuba arrested 200 were killed and the rest are just captured.

Front 59

Cuban Missile Crisis Oct. 1962

Back 59

US knew 14th Oct. USSR missile

Kennedy 16th Oct.- ExCom: Executive Committee Makes a quarantine- not a blockade Threat of future actions 22 Oct. 1962- TV address

a) rally US public opinion

b) decrea. chance that Kennedy would back down

c) convey seriousness

26th Oct. Khrushchev

1) USSR promises not to invade Cuba

27th Oct. -Khrushchev

1) USSR remove missiles

2) USA not invade Cuba

3) US removes missiles from Turkey

Front 60

Anatoly Dobrynin

Back 60

1) US must remove missiles with in 2 days or US will remove them

2) USA will remove its missiles from Turkey but secretly

Front 61

Mann Doctrine

Back 61

US support for anti-communist govt. even if they are military dictatorship.

Front 62

New Panama Canal Treaties 7th September 1977 Treaty One:

Back 62

1) USA would control Canal up to 31st Decem. 1999

2) Joint responsibility for Canal Interim

3) Pan. would receive $10million year and % of the operating revenues

Front 63

Pan Canal T. Treaty Two:

Back 63

USA would maintain the rights to defend the Canal after 31st, Dec. 1999 March/ April 1978 Senate 68/32

Front 64

Argentina-General Videla- " Dirty War"

Back 64

(10,000 were killed dissaperances) Secretary of State- Cyrus Vance, the US forbid to Argentina to cut from $32 million to $15million US blocked loans to Argentina World Bank IMF IDB. Trade Penalties (Argentina declined human right abuses)

Front 65

Brazil (1964-1985) Presdient Geisel

Back 65

US state department issues a report on B human rights violation cancelled rights violation, the president would cancel 25 year military assisstance agreement. Brazil nuclear energy plants (Carter/Vance 1977, 78) went to Brazil

Front 66

Chile-Pinochet

Back 66

The US would cut aid to Chile in 1977

Orlando Letelier

Sept. 21st, 1976 Wash. DC car bomb explodes in front of white hosue? US wants 3 Chileans to be extraditted

Front 67

Mariel:

Back 67

Carter: want to join your families

Mariel: 100,000/ estim./ Castro empties Cuban jails convicts

US-Cuba 1978 Castro released 3,600 political prisoners spring 1980 Castro- Any Cuban that wishes to lave Cuba may do so- Peruvian Visas (thousands)

Front 68

Sandinistas:

Back 68

National Liberation Front

Augusto Sandino- Fought USA late 1920's-30's Civil War National Guard (hated)10 January 1978 Pedro Chamorro- La Prensa ((killed assassinated)) strikes- 3 weeks Nationalism, Marxism, Liberation, Theology

20th June 1979, ABC reporter gets shot (while the camera is still rolling) June/July 1979 Somoza resigns

Front 69

State of Seize (martila law)

Back 69

March 24th, 1980- Arch Bishop Oscar Romero Funeral 50 people at the funeral were killed, 600 were wounded

2 organiz. were created: Democratic Revolut. Front (FDR) April 18th, 1980 (Umbrella Group)

(FMLN) Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front

Front 70

El Salvador- Civil War UN Secret. General Xavier Perez de Cuellar (1st Latin American) New York accords Dec. 31, 1991

Back 70

1) guerillas lay down their arms

2) El Salvador would reduce their size of armed forces

3) end military abuses

4) Guaran. of political and human rights (UN peace keeping force)

Front 71

George Bush (1989-1993) End of the USSR/ Cold War

Back 71

1) decreased rivalry amont great powers in WH W. Europe turned to E. Europe and the USSR

2) USSR Security Threat to USAin Central America ceased to exist when USSR died

3) Confused 6 LA politics reduced US incentive to interfere/ intervene

Front 72

NAFTA- USA, Canadam and Mexico (presid. Salinas)

Back 72

1) Elimination pf tariffs and non-tariff barriers on manufa. goods.

2) Gradually eliminate tariff and NTB's in agri.

3) Liberalize trade services- Natl. Treat.

4) Incr. Intell. property right protection

Front 73

Drug War Types:

Back 73

1) USA vs traffickers

2) LA govt. vs trafficking

3) LA govt. vs guerillas

4) Traffickers vs traffickers

5) traffickers vs guerillas

Front 74

NAFTA- Side Agreement

Back 74

1) enviornment 2) workers rights

Congress- NEWTGDNG RICH (Nov. 1993) passed