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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spanish system of colonization |
1. King (in Spain) 2. Council of the Indies (in Spain) 3. Viceroyalty - executive, judiciary, military, treasury, church (in colony) 4. Regional Audencias 5. Local representatives - cabildos or town councils (in colony) |
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What was the main problem with the Spanish colonial administration? |
The population was divided. Elite in Spain vs. elite in colony (born in colony) |
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2 groups in power in Spanish America: |
1.Peninsulares- the Spanish from the Iberian Peninsula 2. Criollos/Creoles- born in colony; offspring of peninsulares, still elite |
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Mercantilism |
An economic system based on precious metals as a way of measuring wealth. - Initial colony years - centralized control: the crown/Spain controls commerce -Protectionism: protection of economic trade -Positive balance of trade: exporting more than you're importing |
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Portuguese America was run by: |
Captaincies-general -Administration running large plots of land. They had the autonomy to judge fiscal, legal, political affairs but paid tribute to the crown - % of production from plantation -Chunks of land given to specific people to manage (Still owned by the crown) -Initially used Indian labor |
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Where did those in Portuguese America colonize? |
Around the coast - agricultural exploitation of Brazil wood -Stayed around the coast because of trade |
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The beginning of oligarchic system began in: |
Portuguese America |
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Iberia is what 2 countries: |
1. Portugal 2. Spain |
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Reconquista |
Christian nobles and kings reconquering their land |
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Importance of Isabella and Ferdinand's marriage: |
Brought unity and stability to the fragmented place of Iberia |
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Main goal of exploration of Portugal: |
Establish trading posts |
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Spanish Requerimiento |
Required reading for the natives when they conquer their land -Aggressive tone that requires them to recognize the church |
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Columbian Exchange |
-Europe gets crops and animals -Europe brings (on accident) other crops and animals -This changes things - they're not native to the area -"New World" mainly gets disease -By Alfred Crosby |
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Right before Brazil's Independence: |
When they start to find precious metals on the interior of Brazil, that region starts to develop -Motivated by sudden wealth -Couldn't meet demands because mining declines |
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Big National Event for Brazil's Independence: |
Group of protesters in region (elite born in colony) decided to stand up and say they weren't going to pay taxes. -They wanted more political representation -Before protesters were able to do anything, their plan was leaked -The crown killed/imprisoned/exiled them. -Wasn't really an independence "movement" |
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Brazil's independence in 1808 began with the: |
Transfer of the courts |
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What changed with the transfer of the royal courts (Brazil)? |
-Capital of monarchy moved to Rio de Janeiro -Increased trade -Press: new people from Europe wanted newspapers; prior to 1808 Brazil was forbidden from having its own press -Created a national bank |
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Peninsular Wars |
Peninsular War (Iberian Peninsula) within Napoleonic Wars -Napoleon invaded Spain, kicked out the king, and puts his brother on the throne -England gives Portugal ships so they can leave and go to Brazil before Napoleon invades. -The monarchy is now in Brazil -Napoleon occupies Portugal |
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2 phases of the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804): |
1. Fighting for abolition 2. Fighting for independence |
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Background of Haitian Revolution: |
-French colony -Produced massive amounts of sugar - 80% of world's demand -Slaves, plantations, slave trade Racial and social division: bringing in slaves from different places = different statuses among slaves |
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Social structure of Haitian Revolution: |
Society was divided into 3 main categories: 1. Whites, europeans, mainly French - 40,000 2. Free people of color - 28,000 3. Slaves - 400,000 |
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Main conflicts of Haitian Revolution (per social group): |
1. Whites wanted freedom to trade sugar with other countries, to pay less taxes, & equality: don't have the same social standing as those in France 2. Free people of color wanted equality. They didn't have political rights, many had education and money but no power, they wanted citizenship. 3. Slaves initially wanted better treatment as slavery in Haiti was especially violent and cruel. They later wanted freedom. |
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Leaders of Haitian Revolution: |
Toussant Louverture & Vincent Oge |
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The Haitian Revolution (the movement itself): |
1791: Slave revolt due to bad treatment; sparked the movement 1792: Political rights given to free people of color because they were scared to lose Haiti/sugar Spain offers freedom to slaves if they join their army. 1793: Abolition |
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Summary of Haitian Revolution: |
-French Colonization -Social Division -Issues: equality, abolition, independence *Haiti's independence leads the way for all other colonies |
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Haitian conflicts post-independence: |
Liberals vs. Conservatives Federalists vs. Centralists -Liberals: modernization, free trade, foreign investment, separation of church and state -Conservatives: dictatorship, strong presence of church, focus on agricultural production -Federalists: regional autonomy (benefits rich states) -Centralists: Central authority, state decision over regional power |
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Caudillos: |
-Strong central authority figures: males, own lots of land, local support of militias and armies -Patriarchal society: macho figures -Patron Relationship: relationship between boss and locals (mafia-like) "If you support me, I'll help you" -Loyalty, kinship, favors -Personalismo: As a political figure, you're developing traits and relationships with the people. |
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Mexico post-independence: |
-Economic ruin -New creole elite made of old landowning money and new industry money -Conservatives = old money, Liberals = new money -Power lies in the church and military; church owns land but doesn't use it -Nationalism: created and built for a purpose - drew people together to maintain control |
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Benito Juarez (1850s-1860s): |
-Indigenous, liberal reformer, fought for greater representation, rights, and sovereignty. -He put together La Reforma -Cosmic Race: valuing Indian/indigenous heritage and pushes for it -Popular national hero, fought for democracy |
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La Reforma: |
-Written by Benito Juarez States: -Less privileges for clerics and military -Church land be distributed to state and hacendados -Centralization: central government and power |
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Porfirio Diaz (El Porfiriato 1876-1911) |
-Los cientificos -Personalismo and centralized government -Rural guards -Foreign investment and railroads to increase trade -Modest industrialization (textiles, cement, etc) -Contradiction: liberal and conservative ideals because he's only interested in himself -Mexico moves forward, but at what cost? |
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Porfirio Diaz Main Issues: |
-Modernization with foreign money, industrialization, centralization (against caudillos decentralized structure -BUT he's a dictator and there's a greater social gap -Peasants, indigenous, rural = poor and marginalized |
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2 stages of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920): |
1. End Porfiriato 2. Internal power struggle after Porifirio Diaz runs away -Different leaders fighting to take over power |
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Background of Mexican Revolution: |
-Porfiriato -Modernization, growth -Rigged elections -Trade and land concessions -Social gap |
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Main leaders of the Mexican Revolution: |
1. Pascual Orozco 2.Pancho Villa 3. Emiliano Zapata |
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Summary of Mexican Revolution & changes that occurred: |
-The Mexican Revolution was violent, affected everyone, and changed the system -Included upper and middle classes and rural peasants too -Changed structure from elite dictatorship to attempted democracy, from strong church presence to separation of church and state, from foreign and elite interests to also include rural needs |
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Francisco Madero: |
-Elite -Modernization, democratization, education -Plan de San Luis Potosi -Believes he has a calling to get rid of dictatorship -Runs against dictatorship, gets jailed, writes manifesto (Plan de San Luis Potosi) -Becomes president |
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Plan de San Luis Potosi: |
-Written by Francisco Madero while in jail for running against dictatorship -Free suffrage, democracy, call to arms |
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Francisco Madero's Presidency: |
-Weak centralization: not strong enough, isn't able to unite everyone (downfall) -Lack of political support -1913: Huerta overthrew and killed him -Overall, he was weak, naive, and couldn't give the people what they wanted |
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Emiliano Zapato: |
-One of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution -From southern Mexico -Involved in local politics - has some local power and land -Has a rural band of armed men -Goal: Take back land - sugar cane plantation owners shouldn't have so much land; it should be distributed to families |
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Lazaro Cardenas: |
-Nationalist -General in Mexican Revolution, president from 1934-1940 -Distributed millions of acres of land to landless Mexicans, double what was distribute by leaders before -Cardenas encouraged commercial production by relying on the Ejido System -Strategy for dealing with the lower class - mobilize and organize the workers and peasants but keep them apart for further control of popular movements -PEMEX |
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Ejido System: |
-Used by Lazaro Cardenas -Area of communal land used for agricultural where community members individually farm designated areas and collectively maintained communal holdings -"Ejido" means "genuinely Mexican" -Neither capitalist or socialist -Could include hundreds or thousands of families |
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PEMEX - Petreolos Mexicanos: |
-Created by Lazaro Cardenas -In 1938, Cardenas sided with oil workers striking against foreign owned oil companies for an increase in pay and social services -High symbol of nationalism because it represented defiance of the US - US declared a boycott |
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Central America/US Relations Background: |
-US territorial/Regional ambitions vs. European Colonialism -"Dollar Diplomacy" vs. "Gunboat diplomacy"- buying Latin American debt = way to maintain regional hegemony (geo-political strategy) -US cold war fear of communism and domino effect |
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Organization of American States - OAS - 1948: |
-Non-intervention policy, regional safety, mutual assistance |
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United Fruit Company - UFCO-1899: |
-Owned a LOT of land - 80% uncultivated -Strong political presence: labor abuse of peasants - slavery conditions - favors for political elite - Ties to US government and CIA |
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Great White Fleet: |
-The exotic, "romance, adventure, discoveries" -Tropical voyages - tourism -Profits for elites |
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Nicaragua - US relations: |
-In Nicaragua there was a tradition of US intervention - ousting presidents who were against US interests -Nicaragua was a protectorate of the US until 1933 - US troops in country |
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Augusto Cesar Sandino: |
-Nicaraguan liberal, activists, anti-US, guerrilla commander, pro-US withdrawal from country and affairs, embraced Indianismo -Had popular support base, fought for liberal president Bautista -Somoza ambushed him and killed him = birth of a myth; martyr |
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The Sandinistas: |
-1960s: National Liberation Front -Anti-Somoza, pro-political pluralism (more than one political party), democratic regime -National Guard: violence -By 1974, becomes a terrorist group -By 1978, major revolt: oust Somoza, implement democracy, universal suffrage, political pluralism, etc... -Killed Somoza |
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Somoza and Dictatorship: |
-Somoza: has US support, US weapons,US National Guard support, and support from the elites -Oppressive, right-wing dictatorship -Corruption, violence, embezzlement -Fled Nicaragua due to Sandinista uprising, killed by Sandinistas in Paraguay where he was exiled |
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Guatemala Background: |
-Racially polarized: segregation and violence even by UFCO - 50% of rural population were indigenous Mayans -Large fincas (coffee plantations), servitude, debt, peonage, violence - everything ties back to land -Debt peonage: tied by force and finances - Strikes on UFCO land -1952: Agrarian Reform Law by Arbenz |
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Colonel Jacobo Arbenz (1950-1954): |
-Reformer: nationalist agenda, develop domestic industry, fiscal reform (income taxes), infrastructure investment (highways, energy), and agrarian reform -Agrarian Reform Law |
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Agrarian Reform Law of 1952: |
-Created by Jacobo Arbenz -Redistribution of land, spread out power away from elite -Angered UFCO and land owning elite |
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Allen Dulles: |
-CIA director -Ties and money from UFCO |
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PBSUCCESS |
-CIA covert operation, part of "Guatemalan Destabilizing Program" -Real goal of PBSUCCESS: get rid of Arbenz because he doesn't protect US interests, they want someone conservative with foreign and agrarian interests -Plan based on 3 elements: 1. Propaganda 2. Psychological warfare 3. Invasion (which failed) -Did a bombing in Guatemala -Had purely ideological and monetary justifications -Military overthrew Arbenz |
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Consequences of PBS: |
-One month after overthrow 5,000 men, mostly rural, were killed - "disposal list" -By 1990s, 200,000+ killed/vanished/tortured -Threw Guatemala into political instability and turmoil and economic and political crisis -Violence: violent oppression of opposition -Operation cleanup: mass shootings, ocean burials, etc... - setting an example for future dictatorships -Final solution to insurgency: death squads |
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Che claimed that Guatemala taught him 3 things: |
1. Completely destroy old structure 2. Fully arm the rural population 3. Prepare to fight US and counterrevolution |
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Simon Bolivar: |
-Venezuelan military and political leader who played a leading role in liberating Latin America from Spanish control -Wealthy creole familiar with the ideas of enlightenment -In 1805 he vowed to free his homeland (Venezuela from Spanish rule; declared independence in 1811 -After having to escape, he returns to Venezuela in 1816 to achieve more victories. -He helped establish the freedom of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama |
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Padre Miguel Hidalgo: |
-Prominent Mexican creole priest -Issued a call to arms in Mexico against the Spanish -Indians and mestizos marched with Hidalgo and captured major cities but were halted at the gates of the capital -Hidalgo fled north but was caught and shot in 1811 -His followers adopted the Virgin of Guadalupe as their symbol as they sieged the city of Guanajuato -Remember as the Father of his country; the great hero of Mexico's war for independence |
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Background of the Cuban Revolution: |
-Plantations, sugar cane, dependent on slave trade -Colony of Spain, after independence US interests and intervention -Platt Amendment 1901 -Top landowning elite = foreign investors -Larger middle class = had a voice = revolution -Large rural and urban working class but working class workers have no connections to the land -Less church and military influence/institutions = freer social classes -Values: capitalists, nationalistic, secular, non-traditional = prepared for development, only thing lacking is revolution itself |
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Cuba's relations with the US: |
-Direct dependence on US economy, when US crashed, Cuba crashed |
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Fulgencio Batista: |
-Strong military man, pro-US, has support of the US -US helps to get him in power after the revolt of sergeants - leftist movement -Open dictator in the 1950s -Had puppet presidencies and complete control -Used leftist threats for justification of dictatorship -Known for corrupt government: gambling, prostitution, drugs, organized crime, etc -Caused an increase in the social gap |
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Cuban Revolution: |
-Fidel and Raul Castro led an attack on the Moncada and Bayamo Barracks -They lost and were sentenced to prison. Bautista later freed them to help boost his image -Sierra(rural peasants) and Llano(urban) = places where revolutions were taking place. -They did not start as communists (Che, Castros, and Cienfuego) -Fidel takes over |
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Cuban Revolution was successful because: |
1. Luck 2. Batista underestimated them 3. Fidel's support from peasants and middle class 4. US suspended military aid |
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Fidel's Cuba - 4 main trends: |
1. Nationalization of economy 2. Pro-USSR 3. Centralization (authoritarian regime) 4. Egalitarian socioeconomic policy (communism) -Reduction of foreign money -Rural reform -Success because he is able to "institutionalize" the revolution |
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Brazil post-independence: |
-War of Canados = internal conflict -Factors for change: slavery and immigration, coffee boom = more wealth which previously came from sugar, huge social gap and unrest coming out of independence -Brazil is the last country to abolish slavery - 1888 -Positivism is embraced - flag = order and progress |
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Whitening Theory: |
-For a country to grow, it needs to be as white as possible -Driven by nationalism |
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Early industrialization in Brazil - Viscount of Maua: |
-Progressive elite, liberal, industrialist banker -Bank, financial investments, steam boats for Amazon, railroads for goods (coffee) -Ship building company -Laid foundations for Brazil's industrialization |
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Oligarchies: |
-When a small group of people has most/all political power, economic power, military power, influence, etc. -Pro-federalism - they like decentralized structure -Colonielism - another term of caudillismo -Consequences of oligarchies = political alienation, poor rural masses suffered |
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3 main states in Brazil that had power: |
-Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Minas gerais |
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Republic of the oligarchies - Coffee and Milk Republic -1898-1930: |
-Minas and Sao Paulo alternated power -Colonels = electoral fraud -Focused on regional interests -Other states didn't push them out because they couldn't organize and were being played by the leaders |
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Consequences of the Oligarchic republic: |
-Unusual federalism -Increased debt from international loans -Coffee crisis - competition and too much coffee - Rural and urban unrest - this attracted communism and leftist movements |
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1930 Revolution: |
-Enter Vargas -A major element behind the revolution and the fall of the oligarchies was the urban working class/the industries in Sao Paulo -Goal = national reconstruction -Vargas arrives in Rio de Janeiro with 3,000 soldiers and takes over -Lieutenant's Movement |
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Lieutenants Movement |
-Part of the 1930 revolution in Brazil -The young generation of military officers embracing positivist ideals - order and progress, defending the nation, social issues, education, etc... -Lieutenants position: not democracy, but centralized, strong government for the greater good |
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2 Main groups of the 1930 Revolution: |
1. Liberal constitutionalists - free elections, constitutional governments, civil liberties -Growing middle class 2. Semi-authoritarian nationalists (Vargas) - National regeneration, modernization even if at the cost of democracy -technocrats (industry and progress) |
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What really changed with the 1930 Revolution? |
-Oligarchic elite out, elite of technocrats, military, politicians in. -Greater centralization and less federalism -More industrialization for national growth -More social transformation (labor laws) -Stronger army behind politics and industry -Nationalism and capitalism |
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Getulio Vargas era - 1930-1945: |
-General traits: populist, church support, religious education, centralized government -Created several nationalist institutions -Wants to create one solid Brazil, one nation not a federation |
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Dictators and populist leaders like Vargas are only able to rule so long because of either: |
A. Unified military force B. Urban working class/popular support |
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Vargas era broken down: |
-1930-1934: provisional government - takes over in a coup - full of promises (new constitution and elections) -1934-1937: constitutional government - tries to undo what oligarchic system had going on before -1937-1945: New State - dictatorship |
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Brazil during WW2: |
-Vargas had trade and diplomacy with both Germany and the US -In 1942 Brazil let the US put bases in Natal in exchange for things needed to develop steel industry -1942: German U boats sank more than 25 Brazilian merchant ships - 600 dead - Brazil declares war on Germany -Takes 2 years to send troops (FEB) - become known as "Smoking Snakes" |
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Summary of Vargas: |
-Young military influence (positivism) -Ended republic of oligarchies -Labor and populism -Used real and fake leftist threats to centralize power/persecute communists Goals: end loose federalism, end traditional oligarchic regime,modernize, industrialize, nationalize the country -Manipulated popular opinion and support through populism |
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Populism in Latin America: |
-Population has the illusion that they have power; less true democratic representation, greater centralization and even authoritarianism -Born from struggle against paternalistic, land owning elite, from the desire to end abusive (often oligarchic) regimes -Vargas in Brazil, Peron in Argentina -Prevails by captivating the masses |
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Populist traits/actions: |
-Labor record rights, national institute for statistics, national petroleum council, female vote, full reform of labor laws, national steel company, etc... -Propaganda: Radio in Brazil, department of information and propaganda is created, state flag burning ceremony, etc... |
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End of Vargas' New State: |
-Political polarization, loosened control of censorship, released communist leaders -Has support of the people - ultimatum = leave now or be deposed -Was deposed; dramatically self exiled to personal farm |
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Getulio Vargas Returns (1950-1954): |
-"Invited" by the people to run for elections -Runs as a fully populist president -Fights for nationalist interests and stands up against the US -After he's re elected:creates national bank, new tax on exported coffee and petrobras -New tax angers land owning elite -Opposition: National Students Union, military groups, land owning elite |
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Downfall of Getulio Vagas' Return: |
-Strikes: strike of 300,000 in Sao Paulo -Military dissension -1954: faces pressures and has to step down. -He kills himself. He shoots himself and leaves a very dramatic letter to the people of Brazil saying "the opposition killed me" |
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Juscelino Kubitschek: |
-Post vargas - 1955 - coalition with labor party -Tries to do 50 years of development in 5 - "National Development Theory" - state intervention and foreign capital, Brasilia -Debt and inflation -With Kubitschek, populism is changing = neopopulism |
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Neopopulism: |
-Evolved form of populism; adapted to current conditions -Distinct form of populism that combines classically opposed left wing and right wing attitudes, heavily relying on the use of electronic media -Kubitschek |
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Janio Quadros: |
-Independent foreign policy -Pro-non alignment from the US -Pro - social and rural reform -Appeared communist when he wasn't - visited Che in Cuba -Inherited debt from Kubitschek -Stepped down |
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Non-alignment Movement: |
-Led by India to help developing countries develop outside of bipolarity -Shouldn't have to side with either US or Russia due to the Cold War -Want freedom to look out for their own interests and develop without being tied down -Brazil never signed as member because of US influence but signed on as an "observer" -Favored by Quadros in Brazil |
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Goulart |
-Before the military coup -VP to Quadros -Leftist, base reforms, agricultural reforms, nationalization, populist base -US intervention and money and fear of communism -Goulart steps down before military coup |
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Main push for the military dictatorship in Brazil: |
-Fear of communism |
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Military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985): |
-Brief moment of economic/industrial development = economic miracle -Nationalism and anti-communism -Doctrine of National Security States -Legitimacy through institutional acts - IA5 most repressive Opposition: Students, artists, church, and Catholic organizations |
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Doctrine of National Security States: |
-Created in Brazil during the military dictatorship -Intellectual base/model for future dictatorships in Latin America -Belief that we can increase the power of the military and decrease personal freedom because we are protecting our national security |
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Strong centralized military governments in Latin America: |
-Paraguay - General Stroessner - 1954 -Brazil - military junta - 1964 -Chile - Pinochet -Argentina - military junta under General Videla - 1976 |
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Hipolito Yrigoyen: |
-Argentinian leader of The Radicals -Committed to an agro-export economy -Elected president in 1916 -Initially adopted a pro labor stance -Had popular support from The Radicals -A coalition of military officers and civilian oligarchs ousted president Yrigoyen claiming his government was illegitimate and they set up a provisional regime |
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Military in Argentina: |
-Early liberals believed that a professional military was necessary for Argentina's development -Seniority and technology became the criteria for promotion -Increased emphasis on merit |
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Juan Peron: |
-Peron was a man of middle class origin; he rose to the rank of colonel in the army -Had support of industrial workers -When jailed by rivals among the military officers who feared his growing popularity, his supporters mobilized a massive demonstration forcing his release. -He becomes president |
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Peron's presidency: |
-Develops a 5 year economic plan: a new foreign trade institute (IAPI) was given a state monopoly over the export of key agricultural crops -Made urban workers his most important ally -He mobilized popular support by using political and economic resources to promote his ideology - "Justicialismo" -Justicialismo - promise social justice and public welfare -Nationalist and populist -GDP grew - paid off Argentina's entire foreign debt - Evita |
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Military in Argentina after Peron: |
-Justicialist party became outlawed and all Peronist propaganda was contraband -Hardline military -Highly repressive bureaucratic-authoritarian regime -Political violence and torture |
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"The Dirty War": |
-Under General Videla in Argentina, after Peron, the regime launched a vicious campaign known as "the dirty war" -They arrested and abducted "subversives" who were never seen again -Tactic to terrorize the country |
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The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo: |
-The only protesters in Argentina to defy the generals was a small group of older mothers who marched in a plaza weekly -They wanted to know what happened to their children |
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Falklands War: |
-General Gaitieri chose to stake his government prestige on the Falkland Islands which were controlled by the British but long claimed by Argentina -The Argentine military thought the British wouldn't defend it but they were wrong -They invaded and there was a counterattack -He surrendered as he began a war he failed to win |
