Latin Amer Civ Test 1

Front 1

this group of people: mobile, hunter/gatherers; fairly small; social environment not complex; harshest environments

Back 1

nonsedentary

Front 2

group of people: lived in fertile locations, hunted but practiced shifting agriculture; built villages but constantly moved them; never built great empires

Back 2

semi-sedentary

Front 3

group of people: practiced permanent and sustainable form of agriculture; established large empires
*Aztecs
*Inca

Back 3

sedentary

Front 4

Spanish arrived in Mesoamerica in _____. Conquered it with only a couple hundred men by ____. B/c of prior events

Back 4

1519, 1521

Front 5

an indigenous group, swept down in Central Mexico. capitol city: Tula (50 miles from mexico city); enormously powerful, prosperous, legendary. creators of mesoamerican culture.

Back 5

Toltecs

Front 6

Toltecs believed in this mystical redeemer who had been cast out by other gods and promised to return and reclaim his rule over Toltecs one day. Aztecs believed same but had specific year he'd return.

Back 6

Quetzalcoatl

Front 7

Toltec crumbled when...

Back 7

Spanish sacked Tula and burnt it. People disbursed.

Front 8

In their early days, the aztecs were a group of...

Back 8

unsophisticated thugs, no one wanted them around

Front 9

Aztecs established a home on ____ ______, an island there. The capitol city was _________. They built an empire that managed to control most of Mesoamerica.

Back 9

Lake Texcoco, Tenochtitlan

Front 10

How did the Aztecs enforce their rule?

Back 10

*violence, fear, intimidation
*practices of human sacrafice on a massive scale

Front 11

Aztecs religious views?

Back 11

*traditions v. pessimistic, time divided into suns. believed lived during 5th sun in which empire would crumble. goal: to delay by appeasing the gods. so sacraficed most impt thing they had, human beings.

Front 12

When did Incas of Peru become a power?
*Height?

Back 12

after year 1,000\
*1530 (9 mill people- less than aztecs)

Front 13

Incas of Peru used force and intimidation, but were different from the Aztecs how?

Back 13

they made conquered people part of their dominant culture- imposed their religion on them.

Front 14

Language of the Incas of Peru?

Back 14

Quechua

Hint 14

"question: what you up to"

Front 15

basic unit of social organization for the Incas in which they claimed descent from certain ancestors and had own set of lands that coordinated; obligated to help members of thier _______. Eventually replaced family member with Inca official to oversee this _______. Mutual respect/obligation between subject and ruler. People had no choice but to cooperate in the Inca state.

Back 15

Ayllu

Hint 15

"hey, lu! i'm you're aunt. it's our mutual family respect."

Front 16

What was the situation between the Moors and the Iberians at first?

Back 16

The Moors were better at everything (farming, tech) than the Iberians, but the Iberians had a healthy respect for them. The Moors broke up large estates and reestablished smaller parts of land. Over time though, the policies started reversing.

Front 17

The Moors invaded Iberia. The movement of the Iberians trying to kick the Moors off the peninsula. Eventually became religious war. 800 years long.
*military values (courage, honor) became central to Iberians. Being a soldier was the best way to get rich, be revered, presigious; economic motivation.

Back 17

The Reconquest (711-1492)

Front 18

Soldiers in the reconquest (Iberians) became entitled to the land and resources they gained in war. would give 1/5 of gain to the king.

Back 18

"Spoils of War"

Front 19

How was the Reconquest a religious crusade for the Iberians?

Back 19

Christians believed that God approved of their conquest against the Moors. Gave them religious justification for.

Front 20

In an effort to unify government, Ferdinand and Isabella made what kind of laws?

Back 20

policies to create homogenous state, largely antisemetic.

Front 21

1478, aimed at Jews and Conversos (who practiced their religious faiths behind closed doors). Thousands were burned alive. Hundreds of thousands fled spain (huge part of middle class)

Back 21

Spanish Inquisition

Front 22

By 16th C,

Back 22

*Spain unified
*Moors kicked Iberians out of Iberian peninsula

Front 23

When did Ferdinand and Isabella agree to send Columbus on expedition and why?

Back 23

1492, to enrich spain- spice trade, economics. He found Haiti but was convinced he found Asia.

Front 24

term refers to the impact on indigenous americans. total disaster, diseases. 90-95% of people in discovered parts of latin america died

Back 24

Vision of the Vanquished

Front 25

the first person to circle the globe

Back 25

Magellan (1519-1522)

Hint 25

gellin around the world

Front 26

Spanish conquistador, sent with men to investicgate mainland. forbidden to engage in military conquest. argued was much more worthwhile to do, so he convinced men of such. acquired mexican female translator. eventually took over Aztecs

Back 26

Hernan Cortes

Front 27

Aztec king, terrified, disturbed by Cortes and conquistadors

Back 27

Moctezuma

Front 28

independent city/state within Aztec empire that kept Aztecs at bay with good soldiers. Cortes formed military alliance with them.

Back 28

Tlaxcalans

Hint 28

tax

Front 29

Spanish tried to sneak out of Tenochtitlan with an organized plan, but the aztecs caught them an killed 450 of Cortes' men. This was called _______. many drowned

Back 29

"Sad Night" or "Night of Tears"

Front 30

*worshipped sun god
*acqueducts, farmland out of impossible landforms, took civ. to new heights
*extraordinary network of roads, had runners, allowed them to rule Ecuador, amazing cities

Back 30

Incas

Front 31

an urbanized area that is also a prominent archaelogical site. this is where they are trying to bury the mummies. shells brought from ecuador were valued more than gold. (Incas)

Back 31

Atahualpa

Hint 31

atta boy, getting rocks

Front 32

the leader of the Incas, the Spanish set up a meeting with himand were able to attack the incas and kill thousands of them

Back 32

Tupac Amaru

Front 33

he led the spanish conquest against the incas

Back 33

Francisco Pizarro

Front 34

an area where a small group of survivors fled to and lived for 40 years (Incas)

Back 34

Vilcabamba

Hint 34

village of la bamba

Front 35

1530, a mysterious illness took thousand of inca lives

Back 35

smallpox

Front 36

he held spanish throne after Ferdinand's death

Back 36

Charles IV

Front 37

The spanish crown was afriad to give colonists free reign in the americas because:
1)
2)

Back 37

1) work indians to death
2) make them unhappy

Front 38

3 institutions in Colonial Spanish Americas:

Back 38

1. crown
2. church
3. colonists

Front 39

the most pro-indian of the institutions
Goal?

Back 39

church
goal: to save souls

Front 40

involved assigning indians to specific colonies. basically, a form of slavery

Back 40

Encomienda

Front 41

the idea that soldiers who participated are entitled to the spoils of war

Back 41

hispaniola

Front 42

"The Requirement"

Back 42

refers to the crown's legally documenting their purpose so that the spanish would be enslaved if they refused it. enraged the church. conflict between 3 institutions.

Front 43

this Spaniard's complaints influenced the way spanish viewed colonization. argued that religious conversion was the spanish's only goal in colonization; opposed what spanish were doing; was a conquistador, made public arguments, wanted to create an ideal sort of christian community

Back 43

Bartolome de Las Casas

Front 44

New Laws of the Indies (1542)

Back 44

*new set of laws that were supposed to reinsert crown's interest in the indies
1) prohibited any further enslavement of the indigenous people
2) all existing encomiendas could no longer be handed down to next generation

Front 45

replaced encomienda; a labor draft. unlike encomienda, workers were paid. impressive labor arrangement; all indians work for part of the year

Back 45

Repartimiento

Front 46

a system that created debt for servitude

Back 46

Wage Labor

Front 47

established 1524, they answered only to the king. located in spain; supreme institution that deal with the colonies. ie. approved all major expenditures of colonies, laws

Back 47

Council of the Indies (1524)

Front 48

below the council of the indies, there was one for each territory; responsible for implementing/interpreting laws handed down by royalty. assisted by the audiencias

Back 48

Viceroys

Front 49

advisory bodies/court of appeals. did not have to listen to viceroys but usually did

Back 49

Audiencias

Hint 49

didn't have to listen but usually did

Front 50

Provencial administration in spanish colonies:

Back 50

each viceroy divided into states with governors, etc --> town councils- closed, highly corrupt, and dominated by wealthiest; oversee markets, tax collection, approve/disapprove marriages, local duties
*extremely effective system, no major rebellions until v. end and no large standing army
*was enormously flexible
*allowed viceroys to decide which laws they wanted to obey; ignored protective laws, implemented ones they could profit from indig labor from
*a system that tolerated abuses

Front 51

The Spiritual Conquest of the Americas

Back 51

unlike Aztecs, the indig people were not allowed to worship their old gods, just one God. they outwardly did so, but behind closed doors, did own thing

Front 52

caste system in americas based heavily on ______

Back 52

race

Front 53

white spaniard born in the colonies

Back 53

Creoles

Front 54

white spaniards born in spain (only they could hold polit office/church office)

Back 54

Peninsulares

Front 55

indigenous white. crown encouraged unions between spanish and indigenous at first b/c were so few spanish women. later discouraged

Back 55

Mestizo

Front 56

Portugese began settlement of americas when?

Back 56

711

Front 57

Portugese; his voyage got caught up in big storm, didn't hug africa; gave Portugal foothold in the Americas; at first didn't know had landed in same piece of land as spanish
*these early expeditions confirmed that he had found significant piece of territory (Brazil)

Back 57

Pedro Cabral (1500)

Front 58

Council of State

Back 58

Portugal's private colonization system; this bureaucracy looked much like Spain's. Located in Portugal, had a governor general, governor, and local officials. Smaller than spain's b/c many less Port settlers

Front 59

3 stages of Brazil's colonial economy:

Back 59

1. focused on Brazil's exports (brazil wood)- first 100 years 1500-late 1500's
2. Sugar became trade. Rise of african slavery. became portugal's most impt colony.
3. late 17th C, gold rush. thousands of settlers come, move into interior, away from coast. sugar came back late 18th C

Front 60

organized settlements of runaway slaves in the wilderness
*best known one was called ______, and was in the NE, huge, entirely self-sufficient. 90 miles of territory, resisted destruction from colonial militia for 100 years. destroyed in 1694

Back 60

Quilombos
*Palmares