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114 Cards in this Set
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3rd declension noun masculine/feminine endings |
nom: (changes) / 'es gen: -is / -um dat: - 'i / -ibus acc: -em / -'es abl: -e / -ibus voc: (same as nom) |
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3rd declension noun neuter endings |
nom: (changes)/ -a gen: -is / -um dat: -'i / -ibus acc: (same as nom) / - a abl: -e / - ibus voc: (same as nom) |
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3rd declension possible masc/fem noun endings in nominative |
-or, -'oris (m) -t'as, -t'atis -t'us, -t'utis -t'udo, -t'udinis -tio, -tionis -o, -is -x, -(g)is |
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3rd declension possible neuter noun endings in nominative |
-us, -is -e, -is -al, -is -ar, -is -men, is -ut, is |
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-que is considered a what? |
an enclitic: a word tagged onto another word to convey important meaning |
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3rd conjugation: present system stem vowel |
short e |
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Present 3rd conjugation verb tense endings: |
1st: -'o / -imus 2nd: -is / -itis 3rd: -it / -unt |
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Future 3rd conjugation verb tense endings: |
1st: -am / -'emus 2nd: -'es / -'etis 3rd: -et / -ent |
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Imperfect 3rd conjugation verb tense endings: |
1st: -'ebam / -'ebamus 2nd: -'ebas / -'ebatis 3rd: -'ebat / 'ebant |
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Present Imperative 3rd conjugation: |
sg: verb stem (ex- agere= age) pl: verb stem + e --> i + te (ex- agere = agite) |
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What is the 3rd conjugation recognizable for? |
it's ~~~vowel change~~~ |
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How is a verb conjugated in the 3rd conjugation? |
from the infinitive verb stem |
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What does the word demonstrative come from? |
demonstro, demonstrare: to point out |
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What is a demonstrative? |
Adjectives and pronouns that in general "point" to persons or things that are relatively near to, or far from, a speaker or addressee. (English = this/these, that/those) |
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What word does pronoun come from? |
pronomen, |
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What does a pronoun do? |
Takes the place of another noun |
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What are demonstrative pronouns used for? |
To show someone (m/f versions) or something (n version) |
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What is the demonstrative of the 1st person? |
This = Hic, Haec, Hoc refers to something near the SPEAKER |
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What is the demonstrative of the 2nd person? |
That (of yours/near you)= Iste, Ista, Istud refers to something near the ADDRESSEE |
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What is the demonstrative of the 3rd person? |
That (over there)= Ille, Illa, Illud refers to something distant from BOTH PARTIES |
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What tense do demonstratives not have? |
Vocative |
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Demonstrative paradigm 1st person |
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Demonstrative paradigm 2nd person |
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Demonstrative paradigm 3rd person |
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Demonstrative adjectives are the 3rd type that _______ the noun, along with adjectives of ____ and _____. |
preceeds, size and quantity |
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How many special -ius adjectives are there? |
Nine |
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What declension are the special -ius adjs? |
first/second |
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Which cases are affected in the special -ius adjs? |
genitive singular and dative singular |
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What is the ending for the genitive singulars of the special adjs? |
-ius, -ius, -ius |
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What is the ending for the dative singulars of the special adjs? |
-'i, -'i , -'i |
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What is the acronym for remembering the special adjectives? |
UNUS NAUTA |
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What are all the special adjectives? |
Unus, -a, um (one, comes before) Nullus, - a - um (no, as adj, ''''not any'''') Ullus, - a, - um (any, comes before) Solus, - a, -um (alone, comes after) Neuter, -a, -um (neither, not either) Alius, -a, -um (sg: another, pl: other) Uter, -tra, -trum (either, which of two) Totus, -a, -um (whole, entire, before noun) Alter, -tera, -terum (the other of two) |
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What are all the special -ius adjectives connected by? |
They all indicate some aspect of number |
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What is the stem vowel of the fourth conjugation? |
long i |
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When is the stem vowel of the 4th conj shortened? |
before vowels or final t's |
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Present 4th conjugation verb tense endings: |
1st: -'o / -'imus 2nd: -'is / -'itis 3rd: -it / -iunt |
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Future 4th conjugation verb tense endings: |
1st: -iam / -i'emus 2nd: -i'es / -i'etis 3rd: -iet / -ient |
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Imperfect 4th conjugation verb tense endings: |
1st: -i'ebam / -i'ebamus 2nd: -i'ebas / -i'ebatis 3rd: -i'ebat / -i'ebant |
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Present 3rd -io conjugation verb tense endings: |
1st: -'o / -imus 2nd: -is / -itis 3rd: -it / -iunt |
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Future 3rd -io conjugation verb tense endings: |
1st: -iam / -i'emus 2nd: -'es / -i'etis 3rd: -iet / -ient |
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Imperfect 3rd -io conjugation verb tense endings: |
1st: -i'ebam / -i'ebamus 2nd: -i'ebas / -i'ebatis 3rd: -i'ebat / -i'ebant |
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Imperative 4th conjugation |
sg: stem vowel (ex aud'ire= aud'i, with long i) pl: stem vowel + te (ex aud'ire= aud'ite) |
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Imperative 3rd conjugation -io verbs: |
sg: stem vowel (capere= cape, with short e) pl: stem vowel changes to i + te (capere= capite) |
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What is a personal pronoun used for? |
to denote a particular person from the speaker's point of view |
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What does the 1st personal pronoun refer to? |
the speaker him/herself |
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What does the 2nd personal pronoun refer to? |
the person(s) addressed by the speaker |
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What does the 3rd personal pronoun refer to? |
the person(s) or thing(s) the speaker is talking about |
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1st personal pronoun declension: |
nom: ego / nos gen: me'i / nostrum:nostri dat: mihi / nobis acc: m'e / nos abl: m'e / nobis |
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2nd personal pronoun declension: |
nom: t'u / vos gen: tu'i / vestrum:vestri dat: tibi / vobis acc: t'e / vos abl: t'e / vobis |
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What are the only two reasons one might use the first or second personal pronouns as a subject? |
emphasis or contrast |
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Partitive genitive |
also known as the genitive of the whole. means "[a number] of" ie: pauci nostrum = few of us ie: pauci vestrum= few of you (pl) |
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Objective genitive |
used as object with verb means "[verb] of" ie: amor nostri = love of us ie: timor vestri = fear of you (pl) |
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How were personal pronouns joined with 'cum'? |
Ablative form + cum all as one word ie: mecum - with me ie: vobiscum - with you (pl) |
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3rd personal pronoun declension: |
n: is, ea, id / ei, eae, ea g: eius, eius, eius / eorum, earum, eorum d: e'i, e'i, e'i / eis, eis, eis ac: eum, eam, id / eos, eas, ea ab: eo, ea, eo / eis, eis, eis |
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When is the singular 3rd personal pronoun used as a demonstrative? (is, ea, id) |
When it preceeds and modifies a noun of the same gender, number and case ie: is amicus es vir bonus = this friend is a good man ie: videsne eam puellam = do you see that girl? |
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When is the plural 3rd personal pronoun used as a demonstrative? ('idem, eadem, idem) |
As an adjective or a pronoun ie: eosdem mitto = i am sending the same men ie: de eadem ratione cogitabamus = we were thinking about the same plan |
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How is the demonstrative adjective of the 3rd personal pronoun formed? |
by adding -dem (except in the case of: acc sg: eundem, eandem, idem gen pl: eorundem, earundem, eorundem where the m-->n + dem) |
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Which 3 tenses make up the perfect system? |
the perfect, the future perfect, the pluperfect |
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How is a verb conjugated in the perfect system? |
The 3rd principal part minus the i |
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What is the 3rd principal part minus the final -i? |
the perfect active stem; how you form perfect verbs |
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Perfect active verb tense endings: |
1st: -i / -imus 2nd: -ist'i / -istis 3rd: -it / -'erunt |
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Historic perfect |
action that took place and was completed in the past (the most common past tense) translated as I ______ed known sometimes as the aorist |
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Present perfect |
action occurred in recent past ie: I have _____ed |
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Pluperfect active indicative verb endings: |
1st: -eram / -eramus 2nd: -eras / -eratis 3rd: -erat / -erant I had _____ed |
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Future perfect active verb endings: |
1st: -er'o / -'erimus 2nd: -eris / -'eritis 3rd: -erit / -erint I shall have _____ed |
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When is the pluperfect tense used? |
Used in subordinate clauses that took place before the action of the perfect tense in the main clause. Describes an action completed in the distant past and related to action in the more recent past. ie: the Guals, who had set the trap well, ambushed the Romans |
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Where does the perfect tense originate from? |
perficio, perficere, perfeci, perfectum - to do thoroughly, to complete |
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Where does the pluperfect tense originate from? |
plus quam perfectum - more than complete |
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When use the future perfect? |
when describing an act that will have been completed at some future point and it's consequences on a more distant point in the future. Used in the subordinate, conditional clause. ie: I will have studied by tomorrow and will understand it by Monday. |
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Reflexive pronouns differ from normal pronouns how? |
They are used only in the predicate and refer back to the subject |
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Where is reflexive derived from? |
reflecto, reflectere, reflexi, reflexum- to bend back |
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Reflexive pronouns have no which case? |
nominative |
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1st and 2nd reflexive pronouns |
identical to personal pronouns will always be in the same person as the verb |
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reflexive pronouns are always in which part of the sentence? |
always the predicate in latin, they come before the verb |
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3rd person reflexive pronoun declension: |
**identical for both sing. and plural.** gen: sui dat: sibi acc: s'e abl: s'e |
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Reflexive possessive adjective |
Reflects back to the "possessor" but translated as "his/her/its/their (own)" Agrees with the object it is referring to, not the subject |
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The intensive/emphatic pronoun is used to: |
emphasize any noun or pronoun in either subject or predicate |
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What is another name for the intensive pronoun? |
the emphatic pronoun |
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The emphatic pronoun rules: |
agrees with noun/pronoun it refers in case, gender and number. goes after the noun/pronoun (if ever comes before, will only be noun, and only to extremely emphasize) |
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Intensive pronoun declension: |
n: ipse, ipsa, ipsum / ipsi, ipsae, ipsa g: ipsius,ipsius,ipsius / ipsorum,ipsarum,ipsorum d: ipsi, ipsi, ipsi / ipsis, ipsis, ipsis acc: ipsum, ipsam, ipsum / ipsos, ipsas, ipsa abl: ipso, ips'a, ips'o / ipsis, ipsis, ipsis |
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3rd declension i-stem nouns types |
parasyllabic (m / f) base in 2 consonants (m / f) neuter al, ar, e and irregular |
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Parasyllabic i-stem nouns declension: |
n: -is or -'es / -'es g: -is / -ium d: -'i / -ibus ac: -em / -'es ab: -e / -ibus |
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2 consonant base i-stem noun declension: |
n: -s or -x / -'es g: -is / -ium d: -'i / -ibus ac: -em / -'es ab: -e / -ibus |
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Neuter i-stem nouns declension: |
n: -e, -al, or -ar / -ia g: -is / -ium d: -'i / -ibus ac: -e / -ia ab: -'i / -ibus |
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Where is parasyllabic derived from? |
par (equal) + syllaba, syllabae, f (syllable) |
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Irregular vis, vis i-stem noun declension: |
n: vis / vir'es g: (vis) / virium d: (v'i) / viribus ac: vim / vir'es ab: v'i / viribus not usually used with gen or dat singular |
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What is ablative of means or instrument? |
A (pro)noun that answers "by means of what/ by what/ with what?" is the action of the verb performed |
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Does ablative of means use a preposition? |
No; the translation includes the prep. ie: by means of the knife, with the knife |
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What is ablative of accompaniment or manner? |
an (pro)noun, usually a person, that answers the question "in whose company/ with whom?" is the action performed? (accompaniment) or "how/in what manner?" is the action performed (manner) |
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Does ablative of accompaniment or manner use prepositions? |
Yes; with 'cum' ie: working with the farmer (accompaniment; person) ie: working with care (manner; abstract) |
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What is an ablative of time when or within which? |
An ablative that indicates the time when the action occurred, as triggered by another time word in the sentence. |
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Does an ablative of time use prepositions? |
No; Translated with "in, on, at or within". ie: tribus annus - in three yearsie: eo tempus - at that time |
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What is cardinal derived from? |
cardo, cardinis, m - hinge |
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What is ordinal derived from? |
ordo, ordinis, m - rank, order |
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Which cardinal numbers are indeclinable? |
4 through 100 |
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1st cardinal number declension: |
n: unus, una, unum g: unius, unius, unius d: un'i, un'i, un'i ac: unum, unam, unum ab: uno, un'a, uno obviously only singular |
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2nd cardinal number declination: |
n: duo, duae, duo g: duorum, duorum, duorum d: duobus, duobus, duobus ac: duos, du'as, duo ab: duobus, duabus, duobus obviously on plural |
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3rd cardinal number declination: |
n: tres, tres, tria g: trium, trium, trium d: tribus, tribus, tribus ac: tres, tres, tria ab: tribus, tribus, tribus obviously only plural |
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Thousands (plural) cardinal number declension: |
mille (thousand sg) is indeclinable milia (plural) is neuter n: milia g: milium d: milibus ac: milia ab: milibus |
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Cardinal and ordinal numerals always ______ the noun |
precede |
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What do ordinal numerals do? |
give sequential order |
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What are cardinal numerals for? |
used for counting |
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3rd declension adjectives types |
those of 3 endings (nom sg all genders have diff endings) 2 endings (nom sg m/f same, n diff endings) 1 ending (nom sg all genders have same endings) Otherwise, normal 3rd declenations for the rest of the cases |
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3rd declension adj of 3 endings declination: |
keen, severe, fierce n: acer, acris, acre / acr'es, acr'es, acria ab: acr'i, acr'i, acr'i / acribus, acribus, acribus |
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3rd declension adj of 2 endings declination: |
strong, brave n: fortis, fortis, forte/ fort'es, fort'es, fortia ab: fort'i, fort'i, fort'i / fortibus, fortibus, fortibus |
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3rd declension adj of 1 ending declination: |
n: potens, potens, potens, / potent'es, potent'es, potentia abl: potent'i, potent'i, potent'i / potentibus, potentibus, potentibus |
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When is a relative pronoun used? |
to introduce a subordinate clause and referring back to some noun or pronoun known as its antecedent |
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Relative pronoun declension |
n: qui, quae, quod / qui, quae, quae g: cuius, cuius, cuius/ quorum, quarum, quorum d: cui, cui, cui / quibus, quibus, quibus ac: quem, quam, quod / quos, quas, quae ab: quo, qu'a, quo / quibus, quibus, quibus |
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What is antecedent derived from? |
ante (before) + cado, cadere (to go) |
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What is relative derived from? |
refero, referre, rettuli, relatum - to refer back, to carry back, to report, to relate (info) |
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What are the 3 meanings of the relative pronoun? |
1) Who 2) Which 3) That |
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What is the relative clause? |
The clause in which the relative pronoun begins it. It is always the subordinate clause. |
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What is an antecedent? |
The noun or pronoun in the main clause to which the relative pronoun refers. |
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What are the rules of the relative pronoun? |
Agrees with antecedent in gender and number but takes case of the function it performs in it's own clause. It NEVER takes it's case from the antecedent. ie: Liber, quem amas, clarus est = The book, which you like, is famous. (Quem = acc, not nom because not subject in relative clause here) |
