Last Term-Interpersonal Relationship Terms From Sfu

Front 1

What is a Primary Sex Characteristics?

Back 1

Characteristics (e.g., different chromosomes, sex hormones, internal and external genitalia) that are needed to accomplish sexual reproduction.

Front 2

What is a Secondary Sex Characteristics?

Back 2

Characteristics (e.g., breasts, finer skin, and more subcutaneous fat for females; facial hair, deep voice, and
greater musculature for males)
develop later, and these serve to further distinguish the two sexes anatomically and to facilitate courtship and mate selection.

Front 3

What is a Tertiary Sex
Characteristics?

Back 3

Social behaviors and the situations in which they are displayed, which men and women typically learn in particular historical and cultural circumstances.

Front 4

What are some effect sizes of Men and Women Differences? Are these differences large/meaningful? In social behaviors, do males and females differ in degree or kind?

Back 4

Communication:
1)Women score higher than men on…
– expressing emotions (-.52)
– Decoding nonverbal behaviours (-.43)
2)Men are more likely to interrupt! (.33)

Social Support/Coping:
Women are more likely than men to seek emotional support (-.41) and to ruminate (-.39)

Sexuality:
1)Men are more likely to…
– Be sexually permissive (.57)
– Masturbate (.96)
2)Women are more likely to
– feel anxious, guilty, and fearful about sex (-.35)

Distinguish between males and females on primary and secondary sex characteristics.
Differences on tertiary sex characteristics – behaviors, attitudes, and experiences – are not as readily apparent.

When it comes to social behaviors, males and females differ in degree not in kind.

Front 5

Why do males and females differ? 2 views?

Back 5

1) Social constructionist: Human sexuality is shaped by culture and socialization.
2) Essentialist: Biology is main source of causal explanations of sexuality; although situation factors may shape expression.

Front 6

What are the four ways males and females differ in sexuality? Explain each?

Back 6

Differential Sexual Plasticity.
Sexuality and Aggression.
Sexual Desires.
Sexuality and Relationships.

Front 7

Which better (greater or less
plasticity)? What are the potential implications of women’s sexuality being more ‘plastic’ than men’s?
– Individually?
– Dyadic/interpersonal?
– Societal?
– Clinically? (therapy)

Back 7

-Individual – plasticity = better ability to adapt to new social conditions and demands.
-Dyadic – sexual compromise might be easier for women, but men do more.
-Societal – “…more productive and effective to control female than male sexuality.”
-Clinical – therapy may be more effective for women, but only to extent that relationship context taken into account. Sexual self knowledge should be easier for men.

Front 8

What are the Differential Sexual Plasticities among men and women, 3 hypothesis?

Back 8

Hypothesis 1: Within-person variance in sexual behaviour will be greater among women than men.
-More variation in women than in men in total degree of sexual activity over time.
-Women more flexible in sexual
orientation.

Hypothesis 2: Sociocultural factors will have a greater impact on women’s sexuality
than on men’s sexuality.
-Greater variability in women’s sexual customs across cultures.
-Women shift more in sexual attitudes with acculturation.

Hypothesis 3: Women are less consistent in behavior and attitude then men.
-Women more likely to show attitude behaviour inconsistency.
– Engage in activities against values.
– Engage in undesired sexual activity.

Front 9

What are the ways males and females differ in sexual desires?

Back 9

-Men have more sexual desires (thoughts, higher sex drive, spend money on sex more).
-Men want sex more.
-Men more likely to masturbate.

Front 10

What are the ways males and females differ in Sexuality and Relationships?

Back 10

-Women emphasize committed relationships as context for sex more than men.
-Women more likely to romanticize. Sexual fantasy about partner.
-Lesbian partners were friends before. Gays more likely to cheat.

Front 11

What are the male and females differences in Sexuality and Aggression?

Back 11

-Men's sexual concepts characterized by dimension of aggression, women have no aggressive dimension with sex.
-Coersive sex mostly males, women not so much.

Front 12

Whats the reason and age teenagers have sex? How often do people have sex in committed relationship?

Back 12

love, fitting in, please partner...before 20. Depends on length (over time less), age (older less), passion gone, sexual orientation (gay men have sex most, lesbians least). After time, everyone less.

Front 13

Who cheats more in a relationship. Orientation, benefits (equality theory)? How does equality affect sexual satisfaction?

Back 13

Gay men and men cheat more. Person who is underbenefited cheats more. More equality, more satisfied.

Front 14

What is the key to good sex life? Who has better sex, orientation?

Back 14

More communication, the more satisfaction. Gays and lesbians have better sex because communicate.

Front 15

How did heterosexuals and gays respond to AID's training? Condom use? Why?

Back 15

Gays respond well and use more condoms, heterosexual don't respond. Effectiveness not related to condom use. Hetorosexuals think wont happen to them, alcohol = less use of condom.

Front 16

What is the difference between heterosexual and homosexual relationships? Satisfaction, Support from family, Conflict, Stability?

Back 16

-Similar in satisfaction trajectory, happy start then decreases with time.
-Homosexual get less support from family and friends.
-Homosexual couples better at conflict resolution.
-Homosexual couples are less stable but research is questionable.

Front 17

What are the three Perspectives on relationship violence? What are the questions that all three ask?

Back 17

1)Patriarchal (Feminist, Gender Paradigm):
• Question: Why do men beat their wives?
2)Psychosocial:
• Question: Why are some individuals violent toward their partners?
3)Dyadic:
• Question: Why are some relationships at risk for violence?

Front 18

What is the Historical basis of the Patriarchal view? What is violence then in this view? What is the problem with this view? 2 problems.

Back 18

A social organization involving men’s systematic subordination & control of women.
• Men internalize patriarchal norms.
• Partner violence an acceptable means for men to maintain control and domination of wives.

A function of the family, nothing to do with women, they are the victims, men don't have psychological problems its a learned norm.

-Based on premise that violence against women is a societal norm, at least among men. In reality very few people see men hitting women as ok!
-Based on premise that men have and should have greater power than women in marriage. But women do just as much abuse of men-same male female as female-male violence. Can't account for same sex partner violence (lesbian high).

Front 19

Rates of violence by gender:
Archer (2000) Meta-analysis?

Back 19

-Women slightly more likely than men to use violence against partners.
-Women tend to use such acts more frequently
-Note: Gender difference primarily in young couples. Older couples same violence rates.

Front 20

Where do you find the most severe cases of violence? Least common pattern?

Back 20

Most severe violence in mutually violent relationships.
• Least common pattern: Male severe violence against non-violent woman.

Front 21

What does partner violence
actually look like in Western society? Gender and violence, who gets injuered more, same-sex relationships, Women and violence, Biodirecational, when is violence most common, when is it lowest, age, over time, stability, who more likley to leave the relationship?

Back 21

-Both women & men suffer consequences.
-Women more likely to be seriously injured.
-Comparable rates of violence in same-sex relationships.
-Women as likely to be violent as men.
-Bidirectional.
-Violence most common in dating & cohabiting
relationships.
-lowest in marital relationships.
-Levels of violence decrease with age.
-Within couples, levels tend to decrease over time.
-Relationships with violence very likely to end (many time rate of average relationship).
-Women more likely to end relationship.

Front 22

What is the Psychosocial perspective? What are the prolbems with this approach?

Back 22

-Looks at men and women individually. Men abuse because they are struggaling somehow.
• Low self-esteem, dependency, neuroticism.
• Poor communication skills; social skills.
• Personality disorders; pathology.
• Difficult childhood relationships (family violence).
• Attachment anxiety.
• Substance abuse.
• Stress.

Problem: Individual focus!
-Generally look at men & women and perp and victim in isolation.
• But since abuse is reciplical, line between victim and perp are blurred.
• Predictors are usually identical.
• Problem of direction of cause and effects. If both are victim and perp, no claer cause and effect.

Front 23

What is the Dyadic basis of partner violence?

Back 23

• Violence arises in conflict situations (men don't hit out of nowhere).
• Reciprocity of abuse (bot abuse).
• Family background predicts receipt, as well as perpetration.
• New streams of research:
Interaction, longitudinal, & qualitative.

Front 24

What are Interaction studies of violence? What did this kind of study find about when violence is most likely to arrise?

Back 24

Bring couples into lab and video tape a talk about a problem.
Violence tends to arise in context of poor communication, and mutual aggression.

Front 25

What have longitudinal studies found about childhood predictors of becoming violent? Family Background, Dispositions, are they similar for men and women?

Back 25

Childhood/adolescent predictors of later violence:
• Family background: family violence; harsh punishment.
• Dispositions: conduct problems, negative emotionality.
• Similar predictors for men & women.

Front 26

What did longitudinal studies find about Nonclinical and Clinical abouse groups level of male and female violence? Which gender is predictive of nonclinical and clincical?

Back 26

• Nonclinical abuse group:
-Higher female violence.
-Female background predictive.
• Clinical abuse group:
-Equal severity of male & female violence
-Background of men & women predictive.

Front 27

What did qualitative studies find about Persuit/distancing or demand/withdraw and abuse?

Back 27

• Abuse often part of a coherent strategy to regulate distance.
• Pursuit: attempt to gain and/or maintain closeness.
• Distancing: attempt to gain and/or maintain distance.

Front 28

Where might the Partiarchal Model fit best?

Back 28

In cultures with High inequality, mens level of violence is higher.

Front 29

What is the rate divorced couples seek therapy? How long do they wait? What is rate couples seek therapy?

Back 29

-About 1/4 of divorcing couples seek therapy.
-Wait average of 6 years after onset of
serious problems.
-10% of married couples have sought treatment for relationship problems.

Front 30

What types of therapy problems do Therapists Report? Most frequent? Most difficult to treat? Most damaging problems?

Back 30

- Most frequent

Front 31

What type of problems do married couples report? Are these the same as Newlywed? What does this tell us?

Front 32

What two pursuing and distancing strategies lead to violence?

Back 32

pursuing/distancing and pursuing/persuing.

Front 33

Can you find clinical level abuse in community samples? What is the relation between male and female abuse and less and more severe cases of abuse? What is difference between men in nonabusive relationships, nonclinical abuse, and clinical abuse?What is the difference in women?

Back 33

Yes.
Less severe= women to men, More severe= men to women.
Men in nonabuse and nonclinical level are same. But clincal level= psychopathology. Women similar level of aggressive personalities in all.

Front 34

A Brief History of Couple Therapy?

Back 34

--1929 - 1932 –Modern marriage counselling born.

Front 35

What is Traditional Behavioural Couple Therapy (TBCT)? Goal, key components?

Back 35

Goal: Behaviour change
Key components:
-Behaviour exchange (partners make a social contract, agree to do certain things).
-Communication skills training (4 horsemen)
-Functional Analysis
• Address their issues.

Front 36

Problems with Traditional Behavioural Couple Therapy?

Back 36

Many Couples don’t Respond to TBCT.

Front 37

What is Insight-Oriented Marital (Couple)
Therapy? Goal, Key components?

Back 37

Goal: insight into developmental and present of self and partner promotes intimacy. Focus and past and present!
Key Components of IOMT
-Developing a collaborative alliance.
-Promoting relevant relationship skills.
-Challenging cognitive components of relationship distress.
-Examining developmental sources of relationship distress.

Front 38

Traditional Behavioural Couple Therapy versus Insight-Oriented Marital (Couple)
Therapy?

Back 38

Both treatments showed improvment over doing nothing. But TBCT & IOMT are just the same. IOMT added no greater benifit.

Front 39

What is Integrative Behavioural Couple Therapy (IBCT)? Goal, Key Components?

Back 39

Goal: Acceptance and behaviour change.
Key Components:
-Behavioural Strategies

Front 40

In Integrative Behavioural Couple Therapy: what is Empathic Joining? Reformation? Soft versus hard disclosure? Unified detachment? Practicing negative behaviors? Self-care?

Back 40

Empathic Joining: both get to emotions at root of problem and join them together.
Reformation: understanding where partner is coming from developmentally.
Soft versus hard disclosure: using secondary emotions like I feel hurt instead of primary emotions like I am angrey.
Unified detachment: disect argument with an objective approach.
Practicing/faking negative behaviors: makes humor, not sure if partner is serious.
Self-care: don't rely on partner to meet all needs.

Front 41

What is Integrative Behavioural Couple Therapy (IBCT) Outcome?

Back 41

Same as other forms of therapy TBCT, and IOMT.

Front 42

What is Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT)? Goal, Key Components?

Back 42

Goal: foster secure bonding through focus on emotions.
Key Components:

Front 43

What is Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) Outcome?

Back 43

-Large effect size.
-Couples continue to improve after end of treatment.
-Treatment gains maintained at 2 year follow-up.

Front 44

Problems with the Research on Therapy (Generally): Statistical vs. clinical significance?

Back 44

Statistical vs. clinical significance.
-50% improve, but only 1/3 non-distressed.
-Effect sizes vary dramatically from study to study.
-Few differences between “schools” of
therapy
-Exceptions - Therapist/researcher allegiance.
-Lack of long term follow-up.

Front 45

What attachment styles relate to abuse in men and women?

Back 45

Anxious/preoccupied & fearful attachment styles link to abuse in men and women.

Front 46

What are the 3 kinds of Predictors of Relationship Dissatisfaction? What are examples of each?

Back 46

-Static predictors:
Age at marriage
Parental divorce /Family of origin experiences
-Life events / external stressors:
Transition to parenthood
Job loss
-Dynamic Predictors:
Aggression
Negative communication
Social support
Capitalization

Front 47

Why Focus on Prevention? Couples seeking therapy? Treatment benefits? Last? Therapy versus prevention in # of couples can help?

Back 47

- 80 – 90% of divorced couples do not seek therapy before separating and those who do tend to wait a long time.
- Only about half of all couples treated (TBCT)
benefit significantly.
- Treatment effects dissipate over time.
- Potential is great for reaching many couples.

Front 48

Why Prevention Instead of Therapy? Social Stigma? Cost? Barriers? Motivation?

Back 48

- Prevention is less stigmatizing / threatening.
-Prevention is less costly.
-May lower barriers to seeking treatment later.
-Targeting relationships early means couples may be more motivated to work on relationship issues.

Front 49

What are the Two General Approaches to Relationship Education (prevention)? Explain both.

Back 49

Relationship Inventories:
-Couples complete a series of questions regarding relationship beliefs and processes and then they are given individualized feedback.
Relationship Skills Training:
-Couples learn new skills to deal with relationship issues.

Front 50

What is Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP)? What is it based on? What does it focus on? PREP Aims to Counteract
Danger Signs, what are they 4? Explain them, what are they similar too?

Back 50

-Based on TBCT (tred. Beh. couples therapy)
-Focuses on behavior exchange,
communication, and problem solving. CONFLICT!

-Escalation: negative reciprocity.
-Invalidation: failure to take in others perspective.
-Negative Interpretations: negative mind-reading.
-Avoidance and Withdrawal: shutting down, stonewalling.

Front 51

What are the Core PREP Skills, 2? Explain them. How do they counteract the 4 danger signs?

Back 51

-Speaker/Listener Technique
1) Speak has floor but must share with listener. Speaker talks precise, using constructive griping.
2)Listener paraphrases without rebuttal.
3)Then switch.
-Constructive Griping (X, Y, Z statement)
Specific behavior X, Specific situation y, Specific way I felt z. e.g. you left your socks on the floor last night and I got annoyed.

Slows down the conversation to unnatural way of talking (stops escalation). Validate each other by paraphrasing. Can't mind-read. Must paraphrase to can't withdraw.

Front 52

In Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP) is Validation the same as Agreement?

Back 52

No, agree can just say yeah I get it. Validation must show you know what partner is saying.

Front 53

Does Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP) work? Some previous research on PREP finds that increases in positive communication are related to declines in satisfaction! What does this mean? What did the new study find that improved on the last study?

Back 53

-have higher relationship/sexual satisfaction
-more positive communication
-fewer negative communication patterns

Women experiences little or some positive change in behavior = gradual decline in satisfaction for couples. But... women experiencing extreme positive change in behavior = decline in satisfaction for couple.

New study randomized P's and used high and low risk couples:
-High risk participants in the PREP group were better off than control group at risk couples. But...
-Low risk PREP couples did
WORSE than low risk CONTROL couples. Harming low risk couples.

Front 54

What is Compassionate and Accepting Relationship through Empathy (CARE)? Whats its focus? Based on? Whats its Goal (domains) explain? What are the 4 core skill? Explain.

Back 54

-Focuses on empathy and acceptance strategies (based on IBCT)?
-increase empathy for one another in three domains
»Conflict-use core skills.
»Social Support-amplifying and supportive listening.
»Forgiveness-give benefit of doubt.

1)Amplification: using speaker-listener technique but in way to show you understand partner perspective AND FEELINGS. positive mind-reading! You feel like your hurt and need support...
2)Discussing soft feelings: secondary feelings, hurt, jealous...
3)Reformation: seeing your partners side.
4) Detaching from problems: look at conflict objectively and use humor.

Front 55

What are modifiable and not modifiable risks in therapy and prevention. What should prevention and therapy target?

Back 55

1)modifiable risks- social support, communication, capitalization... interventions should target these behaviors.
2)Not modifiable risks: parents divorced, ages at marriage... interventions
may benefit from targeting people with these risk profiles.

Front 56

What are some guidelines for the best practice in relationship education? Risk? Encourage risk? Aggression? Change points? When to seek education? Special needs? Accessibility?

Back 56

1)Assess the risk profile of couples- high risk need help, low risk can mess them up.
2)Encourage high risk couples to attend relationship education.
3)Assess and educate about aggression.
4)Offer relationship education at change points (newlyweds, baby, moving...)
5)Promote relationship education when distress is low before bad communication and problems get entrenched.
6)Match content to couples special needs.
7)enhance accessibility of programs.