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185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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One author's description of the skeleton:
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"So beautifully designed and engineered that it puts any modern skyscraper to shame."
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What tissue is bone mainly made up of?
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Osseous tissue
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Aside from osseous tissue, what other tissues make up bone?
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1. Dense fibrous CT
2. Cartilage 3. Blood and blood-related tissues 4. Nerves/nervous tissue |
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Another way to think of bone: 2 main components
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Inorganic components
Organic components |
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Inorganic components of bone
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"Minerals"
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Minerals are the inorganic components of bone, especially what mineral?
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Calcium salts?
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What mineral is the bone matrix made of?
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Calcium salts
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Function of minerals in bone
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Hardness
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When you think of the organic components of bone, what should you especially think of?
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Especially collagen fibers
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Where are the collagen fibers in bone?
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The matrix
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Function of collagen in bone
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Flexibility: capable of some bending and twisting
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Why are old skeleton's hard?
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'cause the collagen's dried up and broken down.
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Tensile strength
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Ability to resist stress and breakage along the length
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Functions of bones
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Support
Protection Movement Storage and Blood cell formation |
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What body part makes us think of "support" the most?
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The legs
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What bone structures are especially good at protecting?
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The skull, vertebrae, and rib cage
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How do bones help with movement?
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Skeletal muscles use bones as levers
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What do bones store?
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Store fat and minerals like calcium and phosphorous
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What is blood cell formation called?
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Hematopoiesis
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How do bones help with blood cell formation?
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Hematopoiesis in red bone rmarrow
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In the word hematopoiesis, what does "-poiesis" mean?
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"Poem" or something that's generated
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Think of a seesaw. Then think of bones.
Fulcrum = Force = Lever = |
Fulcrum = joint (that's the part under the seesaw)
Force = Muscle (think of the thing jumping on the seesaw) Lever = bone (the seesaw itself) |
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Classification of bone is based on the _________ of the bone.
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Nature of the bone
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Two classifications of bone
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Compact and spongy bone
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Describe compact bone
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Hard, dense
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What does compact bone look like from the outside?
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Smooth, homogeneous appearance
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When you see a skeleton, what kind of bone are you seeing?
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You're seeing compact bone
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Where does compact bone occur?
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Main outer shaft of long bones and
outer layer of other bones |
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What does spongy bone look like?
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Meshwork of slender strands/plates of bone surrounded by lots of open cavities
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Describe trabeculae to a five year old.
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Little slivers of bone
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What food does spongy bone resemble?
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Swiss cheese that has more holes than cheese
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Why are there holes in spongy bone?
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For the hematopoietic tissue
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Where does spongy bone occur?
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WIthin ends of long bones and center of other bones
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We can classify bones based on the nature of the bone, but also by the bone's ___________?
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Also by the bone's size
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Classifications of bone based on size.
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Long and short bones
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What stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates?
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Sex hormones stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates
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How is the ongoing process of bone formation/bone remodeling controlled?
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Controlled by hormones
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What is the opposite of bone formation?
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Bone resorption
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If your blood calcium is high, what does your thyroid gland secrete
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The thyroid secretes calcitonin
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Which gland secretes calcitonin?
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The thyroid
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What does the hormone calcitonin do?
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It inhibits osteoclasts
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Why does calcitonin inhibit osteoclasts?
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Allows osteoblasts to deposit Ca from the blood into the bone matrix
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When do the parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone?
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When the blood calcium gets too low.
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What does parathyroid hormone do?
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Causes osteoclasts to break down bone matrix to release calcium into the bloodstream
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How do osteoclasts increase blood calcium levels?
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Break down bone matrix to release Ca into bloodstream
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Bones have to grow ___________ to support larger muscle forces & larger body weight
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bones have to grow thicker
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Exercise increases rate of bone __________
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rate of bone deposition
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Why do athletes have stronger, denser bones?
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because exercise increases rate of bone deposition
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Forces determining where matrix is laid down:
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- Gravity
- Use/pull of muscles on the skeleton |
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What does inactivity lead to for your skeletal system?
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Loss of bone mass and atrophy
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Atrophy
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"wasting away"
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What happens to the size of your bones if you don't exercise much?
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Size reduction in bone
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What is a childhood example of a bone disease which we talked about in class?
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Rickets
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What is the primary problem in the disease rickets?
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Bones fail to calcify
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Go practice Adam clinicals listed in lab notes. Maybe make some flashcards.
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Good job.
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If a child's bones get soft because they have rickets, what is the most noticeable sign?
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Bowing (especially in legs)
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Cause of rickets
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inadequate bone calcification
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Why might someone have inadequate bone calcification?
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Inadequate calcium in diet or inadequate vitamin D
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Why do our bones need vitamin D?
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Vitamin D is necessary for Ca absorption into the blood
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Bone disease: an example from advancing age
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Osteoporosis
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Primary problem of osteoporosis
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Excessive loss of Ca and collagen from the matrix
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Primary occurrence of osteoporosis
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Elderly white females
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cause of osteoporosis
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Decreased hormone levels
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In osteoporosis, what do decreased hormone levels lead to?
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Lead to decreased osteoblast stimulation
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In osteoporosis, what happens after decreased osteoblast stimulation?
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Less new bone and less maintenance of bone mass
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In osteoporosis, what does less new bone and less maintenance of bone mass lead to?
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Leads to resorption
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Resorption
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Losing bones
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Outcomes of osteoporosis
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Increased susceptibility to bone fractures
Curvature of spine |
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Treatment for osteoporosis
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Sex hormone therapy
Dietary supplements of Ca & vitamin D |
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Another name for the thoracic cage
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Thorax
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Components of the thoracic cage
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Sternum
Ribs Thoracic Vertebrae |
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Layman's term for sternum
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Breastbone
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Function of thoracic cage
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Protection of heart, lungs, major blood vessels
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What kind of bone is the sternum?
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Sternum is a flat bone
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The sternum is a flat bone. What are the most famous flat bones?
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The cranial bones.
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The sternum is composed of __ fused bones
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3 fused bones
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Three fused bones of the sternum
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Manubrium
Body Xiphoid process |
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Manubrium articulates with _________
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with the clavicle
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What is the layman's term for the clavicle?
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Collarbone
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Xiphoid
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"Swordlike"
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Suffix :
-oid |
"like"
-oid |
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Xiphoid process is __________ in youth and then converts to _____________
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is cartilage in youth and then converts to bone
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Why do paramedic's care about the sternum?
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CPR landmark for chest compression
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What does the sternum articulate with?
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Articulates with clavicle and first 7 pairs of ribs
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Sternal puncture:
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Accessible hemopoietic tissue for diagnosis of blood disease
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Ribs articulate with...
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with the thoracic vertebrae
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How many pairs of ribs
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12 pairs or ribs
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How many pairs of true ribs
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7 pairs of true ribs
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7 true pairs of ribs articulate with ___________
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articulate with sternum
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7 true pairs of ribs articulate with sternum via...
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articulate with sternum via separate costal cartilages
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How many pairs of false ribs
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5 false pairs
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3 pairs of ribs attach to the sternum _______
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Attach indirectly
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How do three pairs of ribs attach to the sternum indirectly?
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Via the cartilage of the rib just above each
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2 pairs of _____________ ribs have no anterior attachment
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free-floating ribs
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Intercostal muscles (function and location):
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Between ribs for lifting rib cage to aid in breathing.
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Does the original Hebrew in the Genesis story really say God took Adam's rib to make Eve?
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Nope. The Hebrew says God took a portion of Adam's SIDE to make Eve.
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How many bones in the appendicular skeleton?
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126 bones
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Parts of the appendicular skeleton
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Limbs and girdles
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Function of girdles
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Connect appendicular skeleton to axial skeleton
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The girdles
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Pectoral
Pelvic |
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General design of the shoulder girdle
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Light weight
Broad range of movement Flexibility |
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The flexibility of the shoulder girdle causes this problem:
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The shoulder girdle is easily dislocated
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Bones of the pectoral girdle
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Clavicle
Scapula |
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Layman's term for the scapula
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Shoulder blade
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What is the most frequently broken bone in the body?
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Clavicle
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What's one way people often break their collarbone?
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Falling on outstretched arms
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Manubrium of sternum: _____________ attachment
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Medial attachment
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Sternoclavicular joint is only attachment of the _________ ___________________ to the axial skeleton
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of the shoulder girdle to the axial skeleton
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Lateral attachment for the clavicle
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Scapula (acromion process)
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Functions of clavicle
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Brace, to hold arm away from thorax
Prevent shoulder dislocation |
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Fancy medical term for shoulder dislocation
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Medial shoulder collapse
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The clavicle is essentially this:
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It is essentially a brace
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Scapula is NOT directly attached to this.
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Scapula is not directly attached to the axial (trunk) skeleton
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Scapula is loosely held in place by trunk __________.
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by trunk muscles
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Acromion process:
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Scapular joint in clavicle
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Glenoid cavity:
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Socket for joint with humerus
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How many bones of the upper limbs
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30 bones
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Medical term for upper arm
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Brachium
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Upper arm bone
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humurus
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Tuberosity
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little bit of a bony projection
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Fossa
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depression
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What is the second longest bone in the body
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humurus
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Head of humerus articulates with what proximally?
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With the scapula proximally
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Humerus articulates with what two bones in forearm distally
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Radius and ulna
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Spell your upper arm bone
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humerus
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Medical term for forearm
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Antebrachium
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Radius: medial or lateral bone?
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Lateral bone
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Ulna: medial or lateral bone?
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Ulna: medial bone
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Why does the hand have lots of bones and joints?
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For manueverability
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How many wrist bones?
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8 wrist bones
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Wrist bones
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carpals
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Describe carpals.
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Two rows of irregular bones bound together by ligaments
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Bones of palm
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metacarpals
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How many metacarpals
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5 metacarpals
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How are metacarpals numbered?
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1-5 from thumb to little finger
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What bones do you see when you clench your fist?
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You see the heads of metacarpals as knuckles
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What are knuckles
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The rounded distal ends of your metacarpals
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How many finger bones?
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14 finger bones
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Finger bones
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Phalanges
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How many phalanges in each finger?
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3 in each finger: proximal, middle, and distal
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Capitulum
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Head
Like "capital punishment" used to mean to take someone's head off. |
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Trochlea
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Pulley
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Why is the thumb a special case when we talk about phalanges
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Only has proximal and distal phalanges
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Functions of the pelvic girdle
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Support weight of upper body
Attachment sites for lower limbs Protect abdominopelvic organs |
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What were the abdominopelvic organs again?
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Intestinal, urinary, and reproductive structures
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Coxa (coxal bones):
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Synonym for whole hip and that bones that make it up
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In anatomy, we don't say "hip". We say...
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We say pelvic girdle or pelvis
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Bones that make up the hip
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Ilium, ischium, and pubis/pubic bone
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Each right and left hip bone articulates medially with the _____________ joint
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with the sacrum or sacroiliac joint
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Each hip bone consists of these bones
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Ilium
ischium pubis |
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How old are you when your hip bone is three separate hip bones?
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Infant
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What happens to your hip bone when you become an adult?
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Fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis
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Fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis occurs in the region of the ______________-
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acetabulum
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Acetabulum
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Deep socket that receives the head of the femur
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Large, flaring bone making up the most superior portion of the pelvic girdle/coxa
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Ilium
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The flaring portion of the ilium
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Iliac crest
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Ilium connects medially with the _______ at the sacroiliac joint
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connects medially with the sacrum
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Ilium connects medially with the sacrum at the _________________ joint
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with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
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If you put your hands on your hips, what bone are you "touching"?
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Ilium
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Ischium
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"Sit down" bone forming most inferior portion of coxa
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Ischial tuberosity
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Roughened part of ischium you actually sit on
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Pubis (pubic bone)
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Most anterior part of the coxa
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Obturator foramen is formed by fusion of what two bones?
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Formed by fusion of the rami (arms) of the pubic bone anteriorly and the ischium posteriorly
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Rami
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Arms of the pubic bone
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A few blood vessels and nerves pass through it into anterior thigh, but largely closed up by a _______________
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largely closed up by a fibrous membrane
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Pubic symphysis
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Fibrocartilaginous joint where pubic bones fuse
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False pelvis
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Superior between iliac crests
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True pelvis
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Inferior position
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True pelvic consists of two parts.
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Pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet
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Where is the head of an unborn baby after nine months?
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In the true pelvis
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Another name for pelvic inlet
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Pelvic brim
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Pelvic inlet
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Superior opening
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Pelvic outlet
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Inferior opening
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Are the pelvic outlet and the obturator foramen the same thing?
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Nope.
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What shape does a male pelvis have?
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That of a funnel
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What shape does a female pelvis have?
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That of a basin
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Pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet must both be large enough. Why?
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Large enough for infant's head to pass during childbirth
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Compared to the male, the female pelvis has a more lateral flare of the ____________
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more lateral flare of the ilia
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Describe the female pelvis compared to the male's funnel-shaped pelvis
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Shallower basin-shaped pelvis that is lighter/thinner
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Ischial spines of the female as compared to the male
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Shorter, more laterally separated (makes bigger pelvic outlet)
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Sacrum of female is different how?
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Shorter, less anterior curvature
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How is female coccyx different?
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More movable coccyx
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How is pubic arch in a female special?
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More rounded arch
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How is female pubic angle special?
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Pubic angle is wider than in male
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______________ of pubic symphysis becomes looser during pregancy
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Fibrocartilage of pubic symphysis
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