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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Erection |
Parasympathetic
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Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Ejaculation |
Sympathetic
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Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Bronchodilation |
Sympathetic
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Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Distant vision |
Sympathetic
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Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Close vision |
Parasympathetic
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Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Secretion of glucagon, which raise blood sugar levels |
Sympathetic
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Name the cranial nerve based on function:
Smell |
Olfactory
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Name the cranial nerve based on function:
Movement of eyelid and eyeball, alters shape of lens, constricts pupil |
Oculomotor
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Name the cranial nerve based on function:
Vision |
Optic
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Name the cranial nerve based on function:
sensations in head, face, jaw, motor control of chewing |
trigeminal
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Name the cranial nerve based on function:
Movement of eyeball |
trochlear, abducens, and oculomotor
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Name the cranial nerve based on function:
taste sensations, facial expressions, secreting tears and saliva |
facial nerve
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Name the cranial nerve based on function:
equilibrium and hearing |
vestibulocochlear
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Name the cranial nerve based on function:
taste, swallowing, speech, secretion of saliva |
glossopharyngeal
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Name the cranial nerve based on function:
taste and somatic sensations from pharynx, swallowing, coughing, voice, smooth muscle in GI tract, slowing heart rate, secreting digestive fluids |
vagus nerve
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Name the cranial nerve based on function:
movement of head and shoulders, also swallowing |
accessory nerve
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Name the cranial nerve based on function:
movement of tongue during speech, swallowing |
hypoglossal
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basal ganglia are _____ to cerebral cortex
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deep
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splits hemispheres down sagittal plane
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longitudinal fissure
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separates frontal, parietal lobes
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central sulcus
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regulates motor movements, helping create fluid movements
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substantia nigra
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where is substantia nigra
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midbrain
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Has a gray cortex and white interior
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cerebellum
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CSF drains primarily into the ______ _____ _____, a vein that eventually connects to the _____ vein
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superior sagittal sinus; jugular
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neurotransmitters most commonly are made of:
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amino acids, peptides, or proteins
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An important inhibitory transmitter. Antianxiety drugs work be enhancing it
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GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)
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A modified amino acid that plays a role in arousal, dreaming, and particularly, mood
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Norepinephrine (NE)
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Modified amino acid involved in sensory perception, control of mood, appetite, and onset of sleep
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Serotonin
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Modified amino acid involved in emotional response, addictive behaviours, and pleasurable experiences
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Dopamine
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Important neurotransmitter for focus, concentration
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Dopamine
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body's natural painkillers, a neuropeptide
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endorphins
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neurotransmitters consisting of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
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neuropeptides
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typical threshold for action potential
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-55mV
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Once depolarization reaches threshhold of ___ mV, voltage-gated __ channels open up to produce the repolarizing phase
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+30 mV; K+
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type of propagation that occurs in myelinated axons
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saltatory conduction
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type of propagation that occurs in unmyelinated axons
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continuous conduction
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After the depolarizing and repolarizing phases, there is ___________ during which the membrane temporarily becomes _____ ________ than the resting level
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after-hyperpolarizing phase; more negative
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Term for voltage across plasma membrane when muscle cells and neurons are not conducting action potentials
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resting membrane potential
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PNS is divided into what systems
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somatic, autonomic, enteric
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which vertebra have bifurcated spinous processes?
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cervical
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what protects the pituitary gland?
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sella turcica
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Do a sit-up while twisting. What muscles do you use?
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Recuts abdominus, external obliques
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mineral in bone extracellular matrix
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calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
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hormone that promotes bone resorption
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PTH, parathyroid hormone
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_________ is a hormone secreted by the thyroid that _____ bone resorption
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Calcitonin, inhibits
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How are osmosis and dialysis different?
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Osmosis allows only solvent molecules through a membrane and dialysis allows only solute particles through a membrane.
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In a redox reaction, the oxidizing agent ____ electrons
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gains
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a reactant that is gains electrons is ______ed. it is also called the ______ing agent
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reduced; oxidizing
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a reactant that is loses electrons is ______ed. it is also called the ______ing agent
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oxidized; reducing
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Rules for oxidation:
1. Oxidation number of an ion = |
charge on the ion
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Rules for oxidation:
2. Oxidization number of an element in its elemental state= |
0
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Rules for oxidation:
3. Oxidation number of a homoatomic diatomic gas compound= |
0
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An atom is reduced if it loses ______ or gains ______
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oxygen; hydrogen
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An atom is oxidized if it loses ______ or gains ______
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hydrogen; oxygen
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collision theory:
For a reaction to occur: 1. reactant molecules must ________ 2. with _________ ______ 3. and the _______ __________ 3. |
collide;
sufficient force; proper orientation |
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A chemical reaction in which energy is released as reaction occurs
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exothermic
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Exothermic reactions occur when the _____ required to ____ _____ is less than the ______ released by ____ _______ in the products
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energy;
break bonds; energy; bond formation |
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In an endothermic reaction, energy is a "_____" of the chemical reaction
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reactant
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In an exothermic reaction, energy is a "_____" of the chemical reaction
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product
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Heat is absorbed in an ________ reaction
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endothermic
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Exothermic reactions occur when the energy required to break bonds is ___ than the energy released by bond formation in the products
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more
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Factors that influence the Rate of Reaction
1. ________ _____ of reactants |
physical nature
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Factors that influence the Rate of Reaction
2. Reactant _________ 3. Reactant _________ |
concentrations;
temperature |
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Factors that influence the Rate of Reaction
4. Presence of _______ |
Catalysts
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chemical equilibrium occurs when forward reaction occurs...
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at same rate as reverse reaction
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ratio of products to reactants remains constant under constant conditions of ______ and _______
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pressure and temperature
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formula for K for any reaction such that:
aA + bB ---> cC + dD |
k= [C]^c [D]^d
_________ [A]^a [B]^b |
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for Equilibrium-constant formula, the values in the square brackets are the:
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molar concentrations
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What is the relative amount of products and reactants for a K value that is:
very large (10^30) |
essentially all product
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What is the relative amount of products and reactants for a K value that is:
very small (10^-30) |
essentially all reactant
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What is the relative amount of products and reactants for a K value that is:
small (10^-10) |
more reactant than product
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What is the relative amount of products and reactants for a K value that is:
large (10^10) |
more product than reactant
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What is the relative amount of products and reactants for a K value that is:
near unity (between 10^3 and 10^-3) |
significant amounts of both product and reactant
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According to Le Chatelier's principle, if more products have been produced as a result of the the disruption, the equilibrium is said to have shifted to the ____
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right
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chemical equilibrium occurs when forward reaction occurs...
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at same rate as reverse reaction
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ratio of products to reactants remains constant under constant conditions of ______ and _______
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pressure and temperature
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formula for K for any reaction such that:
aA + bB ---> cC + dD |
k= [C]^c [D]^d
_________ [A]^a [B]^b |
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for Equilibrium-constant formula, the values in the square brackets are the:
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molar concentrations
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What is the relative amount of products and reactants for a K value that is:
very large (10^30) |
essentially all product
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What is the relative amount of products and reactants for a K value that is:
very small (10^-30) |
essentially all reactant
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What is the relative amount of products and reactants for a K value that is:
small (10^-10) |
more reactant than product
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What is the relative amount of products and reactants for a K value that is:
large (10^10) |
more product than reactant
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What is the relative amount of products and reactants for a K value that is:
near unity (between 10^3 and 10^-3) |
significant amounts of both product and reactant
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According to Le Chatelier's principle, if more products have been produced as a result of the the disruption, the equilibrium is said to have shifted to the ____
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right
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If you increase the concentration of reactants, the equilibrium will shift to the ____
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right
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If you increase the concentration of products, the equilibrium will shift to the ____
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left
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In Le Chatelier's principle, increased pressure will shift equilibrium to:
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whichever side has fewer moles of gas
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Pressure only affects the product yield of a reaction if:
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the reaction involves a change in the total moles of gases present
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Reaction rates generally ______ with an increase in temperature. Consequently, equilibrium is reached ______
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increase;
sooner |
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For endothermic reactions, k value generally ______ with an increase in temperature
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increases
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For exothermic reactions, k value generally ______ with an increase in temperature
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decreases
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What effect do catalysts have on the position of equilibrium?
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None, all though equilibrium is reached sooner
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reactants in what phases are not included in K equation?
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solid or liquid (aqueous is tho)
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A large K indicates large concentrations of ________ at equilibrium
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products
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A small K indicates large concentrations of ________ at equilibrium
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unreacted products
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Acids contain at least one ________ ___
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Hydrogen (H+) ion
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Acids turn ___ litmus ___
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blue; red
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Bases turn ___ litmus ___
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red; blue
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Some bases contain a _______ __ (except ___)
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hydroxyl (OH-) ion;
NH3 |
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According to Brønsted-Lowry, what is a proton donor?
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Acid
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According to Brønsted-Lowry, what is a proton acceptor?
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Base
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What is the difference between ionization and dissociation?
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In ionization, no ions are initially present
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Strong acids = ____ K value
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high
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What are the 5 monoprotic strong acids?
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HCl
HBr HI HNO3 HClO4 |
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HCl
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Hydrochloric acid
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Hydrochloric acid
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HCl
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HBr
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Hydrobromic acid
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Hydrobromic acid
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HBr
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Hydroiodic acid
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HI
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HI
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Hydroiodic acid
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Nitric acid
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HNO3
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HNO3
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Nitric acid
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HClO4
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perchloric acid
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perchloric acid
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HClO4
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What is the diprotic strong acid?
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H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)
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sulfuric acid
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H2SO4
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H2SO4
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sulfuric acid
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Monoprotic acids donate _____ per mole of acid
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1 H+
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Weak acids have a ___ K(a) value and _____ ion formation (ionization)
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lower; lower
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What are the group 1A hydroxides?
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LiOH
NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH |
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What are the group 2A hydroxides?
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Ca(OH)2
Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 |
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Group 1A hydroxides give off _______ for every mole of base
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1 mole OH-
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Group 2A hydroxides give off _______ for every mole of base
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2 mol OH-
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Other than the Group 1A and 2A hydroxides you've no doubt memorized, all other bases are ____
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weak
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What is the mnemonic for strong acids?
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Clever bros. I never close sororities.
- Dean Stuffington, Animal House 2: Bros before Hoes |
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Weak bases dont give off _____ but they are _____ ______
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hydroxide ions; proton acceptors
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Weak bases have a ___ K(b) value
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low
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if equal molar masses of strong acid and strong base are combined, the reaction is a __________
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neutralization
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Group II hydroxides mnemonic
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*Ca*pture
*Sr*i Lankan *Ba*dguys (period 4-6) |
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Group I hydroxides mnemonic
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Just remmber it's period 2-6
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A conjugate acid is formed when a base ____________
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accepts a proton
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Water can act as acid or base because it is __________
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amphoteric
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If it carries a charge at a all, a base is:
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Negatively charged
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If it carries a charge at a all, an acid is:
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positively charged
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Concentrations of H3O+ and OH- are equal at 1.00 x 10^-7 M at ___ C
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24 degrees
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pK is the negative log of the
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equilibrium constant
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K(w) formula:
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K(w) = [H3O+][OH-]
____________ [H2O] |
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pK(w) formula:
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-log [K(w)]
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pH formula
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-log [H]
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pOH formula
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-log [OH-]
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[H+][OH-] is always equal to
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1.0 x 10^-14
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For strong acids the ____ ________ of the acid can be used to calculate the concentration of the hydrogen ion
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molar concentration
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The most common types of buffers are ___ buffers
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acid
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An acid buffer contains:
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a weak acid and its conjugate base
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If an acid or base is added to a buffered solution the only change is to the amounts of:
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the buffer components
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Why are there more acid buffers than base buffers
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few weak bases, hundreds of weak acids
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Important characteristics of an acid buffer system:
1. buffer _____ 2. buffer _____ |
capacity;
pH |
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Ideally buffer components are:
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equamolar (in equal concentrations)
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equation that relates the pH of an acid buffer to the concentrations of the weak acid and its conjugate base
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Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
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Conjugate base of an acid is usually in the form of:
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a sodium or potassium salt
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formula for Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
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ph= pK(a) + log([conj base]/[conj acid])
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to maintain a particular pH, you should use a weak acid buffer with a PK ______________
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close to the pH to be maintained
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Henderson-Haseelbach is like Mr. T because:
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B comes before A
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What's the major blood buffer?
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Bicarbonate buffer
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What is the pKa value for the bicarbonate buffer
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6.1
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pH of blood is between
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7.35-7.45
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what is the ratio of base to acid in the bicarbonate buffer?
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20/1
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For bicarbonate buffer, a change in the numerator is
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metabolic
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For bicarbonate buffer, a change in the denominator is
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respiratory
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Metabolic alkalosis may result from
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bicarbonate intake
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Respiratory alkalosis may result from
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hyperventilation
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when using PCO2 for the bicarbonate buffer, the equation is:
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pH=pKa+log( [HCO3] / 0.03[PCO3]
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Normal level of HCO3 is:
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24
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normal level of PCO2 is
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40
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If a person has metabolic acidosis from kidney damage, ________ will increase to lower blood CO2
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respiration
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pKa will be highest in a _____ acid
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weak
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add a base to a buffered solution, you get more of
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the conjugate base
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