Last Id Qs

Front 1

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

Back 1

Had three main points,
- Offered full pardon for and restoration of property to all involved Confederates excluding officials and military leaders.
- Allowed a new state of government to be formed when 10 percent of eligible voters had taken an oath of allegiance to the US
- Southern states admitted in that fashion were encouraged to enact plans to deal with freed slaves as long as the freedom was not compromised

Front 2

"Contrabands"

Back 2

A new way to describe escaped slaves or those who affiliated with the Union. The army classified them as contraband of war so they didn't have to return them to the South.

Front 3

Lincoln's 10 per cent plan

Back 3

Southern states were allowed to be reinstated if 10% of the voters had taken an oath of allegiance to the US and pledged to abide the emancipation. All southerners apart from officers and higher leaders would be given a full pardon

Front 4

Wade-Davis Bill

Back 4

A bill proposed in 1864 for the Reconstruction of the South.
The two radical republicans wanted the majority of southerners in each state to sign the ironclad oath stating that they had never supported the Confederacy or voluntarily bore arms against the Union.
Lincoln didn't sign it because he figured it would make it harder to reinstate the southerners, he decided the 10% plan was going to be more effective. Wade and Davis were furious

Front 5

National Union Party

Back 5

Name used for the republican party for the 1864 presidential election.
The name was used to attract war democrats who wouldn't vote for the Republicans

Front 6

Red River Campaign

Back 6

Battles fought along the red river in Louisiana in may 1864.
Union initiative.
Plan was a complete failure due to poor planning and management. Not one objective was completed.
Confederates defended with a smaller force.

Front 7

James River Campaign

Back 7

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Front 8

Shenandoah Valley Campaign

Back 8

Aka Jackson's valley campaign. Spring 1862.
Jackson's men made speedy, unpredictable movements through the shenendoah winning several minor battles.
Successfully engaged three union armies and prevented them from reinforcing the Union attack on Richmond
Jackson had his first loss in kernstown that ended up helping the confederates because lincoln moved men that were suppose to reinforce those going on the peninsula campaign to kernstown.

Front 9

Petersburg Campaign

Back 9

Battles in petersburg lasting almost a year from 1864-65 june/march.
Trench warfare by Union Lt General Grant - Unsuccessfully assaulted petersburg then made 30miles of trenches around the town in an attempt to block supplies and such leaving.
Petersburg was a crucial supply center for Lee's army and Richmond.
Many attempts were made to cut off supplies and railroad access and Lee finally caved to the pressure and abandoned the city.

Front 10

Atlanta Campaign

Back 10

Series of battles fought in the western theater around Georgia and Atlanta near the end of the war (summer 1864)
Hood was now known as the most vicious Confederate general.
The capture of Atlanta gave a huge moral boost to the north that helped with Lincolns re-election

Front 11

Battle of Wilderness

Back 11

May 1864, first battle in Lt Gen Grant's Virginia Overland Campaign against Lee.
Heavy casualties.
Said to be a draw but a tactical Confed victory and a strategic Union victory.
Grant was the one to withdraw.

Front 12

Battle of Spotsylvania

Back 12

Second major battle in Lt Gen Grant's Virginia Overland Campaign.
May 1864.
Costliest battle of the campaign
Neither side made progress despite attempting to lead one another to more favourable spots.

Front 13

Battle of Cold Harbor

Back 13

One of the final battles in the Overland Campaign and is remembered as one of the bloodiest, most lopsided or unfair battles in the history of America.
Union lost a hopeless attack on fortified Confederate soldiers. No union success at all.
Grant wrote that he "always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made"

Front 14

Battle of the Crater

Back 14

Part of the Siege of Petersburg between Lee and Meade (who was under the supervision of Grant).
After much preparation the Union exploded a mine in Burnside's sector that blew a gap in the Confederate defenses.
Unit after unit of Union soldiers charged into the crater and stood around in confusion. The confederates had quickly recovered and launched several counterattacks.
The breach was sealed off and the Union had severe casualties.
It was suppose to be Grant's chance at ending the siege but instead they lay in trench warfare for another eight months.
Burnside was fired. Grant says it was "the saddest affair" he had ever witnessed in war.

Front 15

Early's Raid on Washington

Back 15

Lee was concerned about Union advances in the Shenandoah which threatened critical railroad lines and supplies for Virginian confederate forces.
Early was sent to wipe the Union forces out of the valley and if possible, threaten Washington.
Early went off to a good start, no opposition through the valley and he advanced into Maryland.

Grant dispatched Union corps to reinforce Washington and pursue Early.

Front 16

Battle of Cedar Creek

Back 16

Early launched a surprise attack against the Union army that was encamped across Cedar Creek.
Union infantry were forced to fall back and ended up losing prisoners and cannons.
The Union formed a defensive line and made a counter attack.
Confederate forces were never again able to threaten DC through the shenandoah valley or any economic base.
Aided the reelection of Lincoln.

Front 17

Andersonville

Back 17

Known officially as "camp sumter" held more prisoners than any of the other Confederate military prisons.
This prison was formed when Confederates decided to move union prisoners out of richmond into a more secure place. Unfortunately almost a fourth of these prisoners died due to disease, poor sanitation or malnutrition.
February 1864
A place of misery and disgusting environments

Front 18

Battle of Franklin

Back 18

November 1864 in Franklin, TN.
One of the worst disasters of the war for the Confederates.
Confeds made several attacks at fortified Union forces but was unable to break through.

Front 19

Battle of Nashville

Back 19

Two day battle in December.
One of the largest Union victories. Hood's army was no longer an effective fighting force.
"Hood wounded his army at Franklin and killed it two weeks later at Nashville"

Front 20

Battle of Sailor's Creek

Back 20

Last major engagement between Grant and Lee's army before Lee's army was capitulated three days later
April 1865.
Lee's army was pushed around by fast moving Union cavalry and were driven back by the artillery.

Front 21

"Sherman neckties"

Back 21

Named after maj gen sherman.
It was the heating and twisting of railroads used by the Confederates to make them unusable.
Confederates had low supply of iron so it was very difficult to repair

Front 22

Sons of Liberty

Back 22

Copperheads were reorganized into the Order of the Sons of Liberty.
They spoke out and acted against anything they thought of as an injustice of thwarted rights.
Felt that the Union was a voluntary establishment and any state could leave if they wanted to

Front 23

Sherman's March to the Sea

Back 23

Started with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta in November and ended in December when they captured the port "Savannah"
His troops also destroyed a lot of military targets, industry and civilian property.
Sherman operated deep in enemy territory and destroyed much of the South's ability to fight physically and psychologically

Front 24

Thirteenth Amendment

Back 24

13th amendment in the United States Constitution.
Outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude except as use in punishment.
Passed senate in April 1864.
The first of three Reconstruction Amendments.
Used to make sure the emancipation proclamation wasn't seen as a temporary war measure

Front 25

Fort Fisher

Back 25

Confederate war fort that protected vital trading routes (the ports in North Carolina)
Captured in 1865

Front 26

Peace negotiations

Back 26

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Front 27

Freedmen's Bureau

Back 27

Started by Lincoln, disbanded by President Grant. Suppose to last one year after the war but lasted longer.
Not very effective but was intended to help newly freed slaves by encouraging them to find jobs, finding their lost family members, representing them in court, teaching them to read and write

Front 28

Amnesty

Back 28

"A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of persons, usually for a political offense"
Offered to all southerners apart from high officers of the confederacy

Front 29

Universal and Equal Suffrage Association

Back 29

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Front 30

"Forty acres and a mule"

Back 30

Short lived policy meaning that freedmen would get some land and possibly a mule to help plow. Was said by Sherman on the field not intending it to become an actual policy.
Took land that was the confederate's and gave it to blacks
After lincoln's death his successor revoked it and gave the land back to the white owners

Front 31

Gen. Sherman's Order No 15

Back 31

The start of the forty acres and a mule policy.
Sherman intended this to deal with the problem of overwhelming numbers of refugees
In his "sherman marches to the sea"

Front 32

Black Codes

Back 32

Passed after the civil war in southern states
Basically they managed to pass a law that meant they could still treat blacks badly and pay them very little.
Based of Slave codes

Front 33

ex parte Milligan

Back 33

Ruled that military tribunals were unconstitutional while civilian court was still operating

Front 34

Freedmen's Bureau courts

Back 34

Tried to handle freedmen cases in their own courts because they realised that they wouldn't receive fair trials in common courts. White southerners objected because it was "unconstitutional"

Front 35

Southern Homestead Act

Back 35

An attempt to break a cycle of debt during the reconstruction.
Cut prices but the prices were still too high!
Sharecropping and tenant farming became a way of life as whites and blacks had trouble buying land

Front 36

Union League

Back 36

Aka loyal leagues . Upper middle class men who supported such efforts as the US sanitary commision

Front 37

Civil Rights Act (1866)

Back 37

Law mainly used to protect the civil rights of the blacks

Front 38

Fourteenth Amendment

Back 38

Reconstruction amendment, broad definition of citizenship overruling the dred scott case that said a black could not be an american citizen

Front 39

Election of 1866

Back 39

Congress was made up mostly of Radical Republicans and President Johnson argued if the reconstruction should be lenient or harsh toward the South

Front 40

The ProState State

Back 40

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Front 41

Johnson's "swing around the circle"

Back 41

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Front 42

Ku Klux Klan

Back 42

White supremecy group. Made in 1865 by Confederate veterans.

Front 43

fifteenth Amendment

Back 43

Prohibits state and federal officials from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, colour or previous condition of servitude

Front 44

Reconstruction Acts

Back 44

An act to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel states.
Congress required all states to recognise the fourteenth amendment allowing blacks to vote

Front 45

Tenure of Office Act

Back 45

Limiting the presidents power to remove certain office holders without the approval of the Senate

Front 46

Scalawags

Back 46

Someone who recently joined the republican party after being in the confederacy during the reconstuction

Front 47

Carpetbaggers

Back 47

Northerners gone south to take control, reveling in their victory

Front 48

Texas v. White

Back 48

Reconstruction government of Texas claimed bonds owned by texas since 1850 had been illegally sold by the confederate state during the CW.
Court ruled that Texas remained a state since it first joined the Union despite joining the confederate states of America and being under it's military rule at the time of the decision in the case

Front 49

Alabama Claims

Back 49

Series of claims by the US government against the government of the UK for the assistance given to the confederate cause during the CW.
Matter was settled by Britain paying the US 15.5mil for the damages caused by several warships built in Britain and sold to the confederacy

Front 50

"Bloody Shirts"

Back 50

Political strategy of appealing to voters by recalling the hardships of the recent war. Most often employed by Radical Republicans. Particularly effective in the North

Front 51

Ku Klux Klan Act

Back 51

1871
President Grant declared martial law to impose heavy penalties against terrorist organizations and would use military force to suppress the KKK.

Front 52

Tenantry

Back 52

A tenant pretty much rented the farm land and conducted the farming operations and marketing independently and the owner got a percentage of the profits previously agreed on

Front 53

Share Cropping

Back 53

Land owners supervised operations and did the marketing and paid the sharecroppers an agreed apon sum of money for working on the land, pretty much were wage workers.

Front 54

Share Tenantry

Back 54

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Front 55

Crop Lien

Back 55

Southern farmers had little money and so this was a credit system to help them.
They got money for their anticipated crop sales to help them out and then when the crop came and they earnt their money they paid it back.

Front 56

Election of 1876

Back 56

Presidential election.
Hayes won.
Tilden, upon his defeat, said that he was honoured to have been given the highest honour of the American people's and now doesn't have to have the stress that goes along with it

Front 57

Compromise of 1877

Back 57

Informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed election of 1876.
Pulled federal troops out of southern states.
As soon as the troops left many white republicans left and the south was pretty much taken over again by the "redeemer" democrats. African American historians see this as "the great betrayal"

Front 58

"New South"

Back 58

As opposed to the "old south" of slavery based plantation system of the antebellum period.
Used in an attempt to encourage a positive outlook towards an attractive future based on economic growth

Front 59

Impeachment

Back 59

A formal accusation of wrongdoing against a public official. Andrew Johnson was impeached after the CW but was acquitted.

Front 60

Radical Reconstruction

Back 60

Southern Unionists became the new leaders of the south. Radical Republicans were outraged at how lenient President Johnson was and Moderate Republicans were also appalled at the rejection of a bill that would give blacks the same human rights as whites.

Front 61

Ironclad Oath

Back 61

Oath for Confederate's to sign stating they never supported the Confederacy and never willingly (volunteered to) hold arms against Union soldiers.