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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Estado Novo
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the Second Republic, was the corporatist authoritarian regime installed in Portugal in 1933. greatly inspired by conservative and authoritarian ideologies, was developed by António de Oliveira Salazar, ruler of Portugal from 1932 to 1968, when he fell ill.
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Degeneration
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The social theory developed consequently from Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution. Evolution meant that mankind's development was no longer fixed and certain, but could change and evolve or degenerate into an unknown future, possibly a bleak future that clashes with the analogy between evolution and civilization as a progressive positive direction.
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Mexican Revolution
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started in 1910, with an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz. The Revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarianist movements. Over time the Revolution changed from a revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war.
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Ejidos
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system is a process whereby the government promotes the use of communal land shared by the people of the community.
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Nationalization
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process of taking an industry or assets into government ownership by a national government or state. refers to private assets, but may also mean assets owned by lower levels of government.
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Light Industry
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consumer-oriented than business-oriented. manufacture of clothes, shoes, furniture, consumer electronics and home appliances.
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Heavy Industry
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production of products which are either heavy in weight or in the processes leading to their production.
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Revolution of 1930
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(Brazil) a movement that overthrew President Washington Luís and installed Getúlio Vargas as Provisional President.
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Nationalism
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a political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined as nation. creating national identity
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Economic Nationalism
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a term used to describe policies which emphasize domestic control of the economy, labor and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods and capital. It opposes globalization in many case.
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Indigenismo
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a Latin American idea and movement pressing for a greater social and political role for the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, and the revindication of indigenous rights and including compensation for past wrongdoings of the colonial and republican states.
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Import Substitution
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a trade and economic policy that advocates replacing imports with domestic production.
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Industrialization (ISI)
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the process of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one. cause farmers to become poor. exchanged imports for exports and caused debt.
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Emiliano Zapata
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(mexico) a nationalist for poor liberalists. a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, which broke out in 1910, and which was initially directed against the president Porfirio Díaz. He formed and commanded an important revolutionary force, the Liberation Army of the South, during the Mexican Revolution. Followers of Zapata were known as Zapatistas.
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Pancho Villa
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(Mexico) e was the veritable caudillo of the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua which, given its size, mineral wealth, and proximity to the United States of America, provided him with extensive resources. robbed people, and seized land to give to peasants and soldiers.
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Jose Battle y Ordonez
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(uruguay) the president of Uruguay in 1899 (interim) and from 1903 until 1907
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Hipolito Yrigoyen
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(Argentina) was twice President of Argentina (from 1916 to 1922, and again from 1928 to 1930)
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Haya de la Torre
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(peru) was a Peruvian political leader who founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) political movement.
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Getulio Vargas
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(Brazil)served as President of Brazil, first as dictator, from 1930 to 1945, and in a democratically elected term from 1951 until his suicide in 1954. He favored nationalism, industrialization, centralization, social welfare and populism – for the latter, Vargas won the nickname "O Pai dos Pobres" (Portuguese for "The Father of the Poor"). Despite his promotion of workers' rights, Vargas was a staunch anti-communist.
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Lazaro Cardenas
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(Mexico) was President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940.
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Rafael Trujillo
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(Dominican Republic) ruled the Dominican Republic from 1930 until his assassination in 1961
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Capital Goods
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manufactured means of production. Capital goods are acquired by a society by saving wealth which can be invested in the means of production. nclude factories, machinery, tools, equipment, and various buildings which are used to produce other products for consumption.
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Peronism
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an Argentine political movement based on the programmes associated with former President Juan Perón and his second wife, Eva Perón. means "social justice"
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Marxism
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centers upon a materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical view of social change, and an analysis and critique of the development of capitalism.
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Developmentalism
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an economic theory which states that the best way for Third World countries to develop is through fostering a strong and varied internal market and to impose high tariffs on imported goods.
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Economic commission for Latin America(ECLA)
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was established in 1948 (then as the UN Economic Commission for Latin America, or UNECLA) to encourage economic cooperation among its member states. In 1984, a resolution was passed to include the countries of the Caribbean in the name. It is one of five regional commissions under the administrative direction of United Nations headquarters.
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Dependency Theory
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poor states are impoverished, and rich ones enriched by the way the poor states are integrated into the "world system"
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Cold War
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1946 to 1991 of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the Communist World—primarily the Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies—and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States and its allies
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Workers Party
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(Brazil) a democratic socialist political party in Brazil. Launched in 1980, it is recognized as one of the largest and most important left-wing movements of Latin America.
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Institutional Revolutionary Party
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(PRI Mexico) a Mexican political party that held power in the country—under a succession of names—for more than 70 years.
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Cuban Revolution
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an armed revolt by Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement against the regime of Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista between 1953 and 1959.
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Ernesto "che" Guevara
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(Argentina, Cuba) an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, a majoy figure in the cuban revolution
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Fidel Castro
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(Cuba) a Cuban revolutionary and politician, having held the position of Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and then President from 1976 to 2008
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Expropriation
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politically motivated and forceful confiscation and redistribution of private property outside the common law.
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Cuban Embargo
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(1960)
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Bay of Pigs
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(1961) unsuccessful action by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba, with support and encouragement from the US government, in an attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.
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Cuban Missil Crisis
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confrontation among the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War.
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Liberation Theology
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is a Christian movement in political theology which interprets the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions.
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Oscar Niemeyer
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a Brazilian architect specializing in international modern architecture.
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"Papa Doc" Duvalier
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(Haiti) the President of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971.
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Anasasio Somoza
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(Nicaragua)
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Marcos Perez Jimenez
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(venezuela)
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Juan Jose Arevalo
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(Guatemala)
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Jacub Arbenz
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(Guatemala)
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Raul Castro
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(cuba)
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Fulgencio Batista
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(cuba)
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Alliance for Progress
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initiated by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1961 aimed to establish economic cooperation between the U.S. and South America.
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Military Juntas
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a government led by a committee of military leaders
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Peasant leagues
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(Brazil) were social organizations composed of sharecroppers, subsistence farmers, and other small agriculturalists.
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Guerillas
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Warfare that refers to conflicts between a small group of combatants and a military army. "little war"
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Montoneros
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(Argentina) an Argentine Peronist urban guerrilla group, active during the 1960s and 1970s.
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Alliance for Progress
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initiated by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1961 aimed to establish economic cooperation between the U.S. and South America.
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Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo
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(Argentina) an association of Argentine mothers whose children "disappeared" during the Dirty War of the military dictatorship, between 1976 and 1983.
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Military Juntas
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a government led by a committee of military leaders
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Tupamaros
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(Uruguay) an urban guerrilla organization in Uruguay in the 1960s and 1970s.
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Peasant leagues
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(Brazil) were social organizations composed of sharecroppers, subsistence farmers, and other small agriculturalists.
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Popular Unity Party
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(Chile) was a coalition of left wing, socialist and communist political parties in Chile that stood behind the successful candidacy of Salvador Allende for the 1970 Chilean presidential election.
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Guerillas
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Warfare that refers to conflicts between a small group of combatants and a military army. "little war"
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Tlatelolco massacre
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(Mexico) a government massacre of student and civilian protesters and bystanders that took place during the afternoon and night of October 2, 1968, in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in the Tlatelolco section of Mexico City.
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Montoneros
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(Argentina) an Argentine Peronist urban guerrilla group, active during the 1960s and 1970s.
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Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo
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(Argentina) an association of Argentine mothers whose children "disappeared" during the Dirty War of the military dictatorship, between 1976 and 1983.
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Tupamaros
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(Uruguay) an urban guerrilla organization in Uruguay in the 1960s and 1970s.
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Popular Unity Party
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(Chile) was a coalition of left wing, socialist and communist political parties in Chile that stood behind the successful candidacy of Salvador Allende for the 1970 Chilean presidential election.
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Tlatelolco massacre
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(Mexico) a government massacre of student and civilian protesters and bystanders that took place during the afternoon and night of October 2, 1968, in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in the Tlatelolco section of Mexico City.
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Slaughter of 1932
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(El Salvador) guerrilla movement
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Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front
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(El Salvador) since 1992, a left-wing political party in El Salvador and formerly a coalition of five revolutionary guerrilla organizations.
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El Mozote massacre
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(el salvador) took place in and around the village of El Mozote, in Morazán department, El Salvador, on December 11, 1981, when Salvadoran armed forces trained by the United States military killed at least 200 and up to 1000 civilians in an anti-guerrilla campaign during the Salvadoran Civil War.
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La Violencia
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(Columbia) a period of civil conflict in the Colombian countryside between supporters of the Colombian Liberal Party and the Colombian Conservative Party, a conflict which took place roughly from 1948 to 1958
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FARC
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As the biggest irregular guerrilla army in Colombia, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - FARC)
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Narco-Terrorism
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a term coined by former President Fernando Belaúnde Terry of Peru in 1983 when describing terrorist-type attacks against his nation's anti-narcotics police.
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School of the Americas
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Trained dictators to torture Latin Americans
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Counterinsurgency
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actions taken by the recognized government of a nation to contain or quell an insurgency taken up against it.
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National Security Doctrine
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The over throwing of democratic elected presidents in fear of communism.
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Bureaucratic
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an organization of non-elected officials of a governmental or organization who implement the rules, laws, and functions of their institution
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Authoritarianism
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form of social organization characterized by submission to authority. It is usually opposed to individualism and democracy
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Coup
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A strike against the state.
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Death Squad
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an armed military, police, insurgent, or terrorist squad that conducts extrajudicial killings, assassinations, and forced disappearances of persons as part of a war, insurgency or terror campaign.
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Dirty War
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a period of state-sponsored violence in Argentina from 1976 until 1983. Victims of the violence included several thousand left-wing activists, including trade unionists, students, journalists, Marxists, Peronist guerrillas
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"disappeared"
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In international human rights law, a forced disappearance (or enforced disappearance) occurs when a person is secretly abducted or imprisoned by a state or political organization or by a third party with the authorization, support, or acquiescence of a state or political organization, followed by a refusal to acknowledge the person's fate and whereabouts, with the intent of placing the victim outside the protection of the law.
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Military Government
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the form of administration by which an occupying power exercises governmental authority over occupied territory.
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Isabel Peron
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(Argentina) a former President of Argentina. She was also the third wife of another former President, Juan Perón.
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Salvador Allende
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(Chile) a Chilean physician and politician who is generally considered the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in Latin America
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Rigoberta Menchu
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(Guatemala) an indigenous Guatemalan, of the K'iche' ethnic group.
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Pablo Escobar
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(Columbia) a Colombian drug lord. He was an elusive cocaine trafficker and rich and successful criminal. He owned numerous luxury residences, automobiles, and even airplanes. In 1986, he had a short-lived career in Colombian politics.
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Joaquin Chamorro
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(Nicaragua) Killed during the revolution, supported guerrillas.
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Archbishop Oscar Romero
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was a bishop of the Catholic Church in El Salvador. He became the fourth Archbishop of San Salvador, succeeding Luis Chávez. He was assassinated on 24 March 1980.
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Chicago Boys
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(Chile) were a group of young Chilean economists who trained to change Chilean economic thinking.
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Zapatistas
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(Mexico) Army of National Liberation a Mexican indigenous armed revolutionary group based in Chiapas
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Shining Path
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(peru) a Maoist guerrilla terrorist organization in Peru. imposes cultural revolution and sparking world revolution.
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Unified Black Movement
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(MNU, Brazil)
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"Racial Democracy"
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(Brazil) a term used by some to describe race relations in Brazil.
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Capoeira
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a Brazilian art form that combines elements of martial arts, sports, and music.
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Candomble
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(Brazil) an African-originated or Afro-Brazilian religion
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Santeria
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(Cuba) a syncretic religion of West African and Caribbean origin influenced by Roman Catholic Christianity
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Umbanda
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(brazil) an Afro-Brazilian religion that blends African religions with Catholicism, Spiritism and Kardecism, and considerable indigenous lore.
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Proterantism
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one of the three major groupings (Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Protestantism) within Christianity
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Neoliberalism
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is a market-driven approach to economic and social policy based on neoclassical theories of economics that emphasizes the efficiency of private enterprise
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Free Market
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competitive market where prices are determined by supply and demand
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Privatize
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transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency or public service from the public sector (the state or government) to the private sector (businesses that operate for a private profit) or to private non-profit organizations.
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Deregulation
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reducing government control of small businesses
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International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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an organization of 187 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
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North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)
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an agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America
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Mercosur
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economic and political agreement among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay
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Maquiladora
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a concept often referred to as an operation that involves manufacturing in a country that is not the client's and as such has an interesting duty or tariff treatment.
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Globalization
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increasingly global relationships of culture, people and economic activity.
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Ernesto Zedillo
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(Mexico) a Mexican economist and politician. He served as President of Mexico from December 1, 1994 to November 30, 2000
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Subcomandante Marcos
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(Mexico) the spokesman for the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), a Mexican rebel movement fighting for the rights of the indigenous peoples of Mexico. led mayan farmers to protest governments mistreat of indigenous people.
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Hugo Chavez
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(Venezuela) Mexican football coach and former striker.
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Luiz Inacio "Lula" da Silva
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(Brazil) former president of brazil
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