Last Few Chapters Of Cell Biology

Front 1

aneuploidy

Back 1

any time you have a different number of chromosomes other than 46

Front 2

trisomies

Back 2

three chromatids instead of a pair (mutation)

Front 3

nondisjunction

Back 3

how you get aneuploidy
either the chromosomes or chromatids seperate incorrectly.

Front 4

downs syndrome

Back 4

an extra in the 21st pair
trisomie 21

Front 5

sex determination

Back 5

embrios are exactly the same until week 7

Front 6

SRY gene

Back 6

sex determining region of the y
at week 7 it turns on
undergoes transcription and translation
TDF proteins are made

Front 7

TDF

Back 7

testies determining factor
goes to the undifferentiated gonads and the gonads turn into testies

Front 8

gonads

Back 8

TDF turns gonads into testies
if no TDF protein made then gonads turn into overies by default

Front 9

klinefelters

Back 9

XXY, XXXY, XXXXY
male, do not produce sperm, under developed testies, breast enlargement
1/500 men have

Front 10

turners

Back 10

XO or X
females with only one X, overlies are underdeveloped, sterile, under 5 ft tall, webbed neck, broad chest
1/2500 women have

Front 11

XYY

Back 11

men who are taller than average, higher incadence of criminal acts and personality disorder
1/1000 men have

Front 12

OY

Back 12

not viable

Front 13

sex linked inheritance

Back 13

a gene that is linked with the gametes chromosome
Y can not be a carrier
muscular distrophy, color blindness, hemophilia

Front 14

heritable changes in chromosomes

Back 14

inversion
duplication
translocation
deletion

Front 15

inversion

Back 15

large section of chromosome gets reversed
BCD ---> DCB

Front 16

duplication

Back 16

section of chromosome is duplicated
BCD ---> BCDBCD
huntingtons

Front 17

translocation

Back 17

part if the chromosome comes off and sticks to non homologous chromosome
totally different gene

Front 18

deletion

Back 18

part of the chromosome is deleted

Front 19

scientific method

Back 19

Observation
hypothesis
Prediction
test /experiment

Front 20

Isotope

Back 20

An atom with a varying number of neutrons

Front 21

Atomic number

Back 21

Number of electron
top number

Front 22

Atomic mass

Back 22

mass of protons neutrons and electrons

Front 23

Mass number

Back 23

Protons and neutrons
Bottom number

Front 24

Cation

Back 24

Positively charged

Front 25

anion

Back 25

Negatively charged

Front 26

Covalent bond

Back 26

Electrons shared

Front 27

Hydrogen bond

Back 27

The partial positive and partial negative attract making a semi bond

Front 28

Hydrophilic

Back 28

Water loving
polar

Front 29

Hydrophobic

Back 29

Water fearing
Nonpolar

Front 30

Hydrolysis

Back 30

Reactions were the molecules or broken down with water

Front 31

Dehydration

Back 31

Reactions where water is removed in order to synthesize larger molecule

Front 32

Electrolyte

Back 32

an ion
Anything that can conduct electricity

Front 33

Buffers

Back 33

convert a strong acid or base into a weak acid or base
add acid to a buffered base the pH won't change

Front 34

Carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system

Back 34

H+ + HCO3- ----> H2CO3

Front 35

Functional groups

Back 35

Hydroxyl
methyl
carboxyl
Amina
phosphate

Front 36

Types of carbohydrates

Back 36

Monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

Front 37

Types of lipids

Back 37

Triglyceride
phospholipids
steroids

Front 38

What are amino acids joined by

Back 38

Peptide bond

Front 39

Protein structure

Back 39

Primary
secondary
tertiary
quarternary

Front 40

Membrane protein function

Back 40

Ion channel
transporters
receptors
enzyme
cell identity markers
anchoring protein

Front 41

Down the gradient

Back 41

High to low concentration

Front 42

Types of membrane transport

Back 42

Simple diffusion
ion channels
osmosis

Front 43

Types of osmosis

Back 43

Isotonic
hypotonic
hypertonic

Front 44

isotonic osmosis

Back 44

Same amount of solute on both sides of the cell membrane

Front 45

Hypotonic osmosis

Back 45

What solute in the cell
Water goes in cell

Front 46

hypertonic osmosis

Back 46

Higher concentration of solute outside of cell
water goes out of cell

Front 47

Crenation

Back 47

cell shrivels

Front 48

hemolysis

Back 48

cell explodes

Front 49

Facilitated diffusion

Back 49

High to low concentration
transporter carry solute
no ATP used

Front 50

endocytosis

Back 50

vesicle bring in

Front 51

exocytosis

Back 51

Vesicle bring out

Front 52

G protein

Back 52

Intracellular signaling

Front 53

What makes up the cytoskeleton

Back 53

Microfilament
intermediate filament
microtubules

Front 54

Types of cell junctions

Back 54

Adhering
gap
tight

Front 55

ATP chemical formula

Back 55

ATP+H2O ----> ADP+P+ENERGY

Front 56

Glycolysis

Back 56

2 ATP used
2 NADH
4 ATP

Front 57

aerobic respiration

Back 57

38 ATP created

Front 58

Aerobic restoration general formula

Back 58

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O +38ATP

Front 59

krebbs cycle

Back 59

6NADH 2FADH2 2ATP

Front 60

Amino acid entering glycolysis

Back 60

Through pyruvate

Front 61

Glycerol entering glycolysis

Back 61

Through PGAL

Front 62

Glucose from protein and fat entering glycolysis

Back 62

Music routines are made
make glucose or fat
make ATP

Front 63

intron

Back 63

Noncoding

Front 64

exon

Back 64

coding

Front 65

DNA mutation

Back 65

Point
Missense
nonsense
frame shift

Front 66

operon

Back 66

A gene and its regulatory region
operator repressor Terminator inducer

Front 67

Control mechanism

Back 67

Acetyl enhancer transcription
methyl blocks transcription

Front 68

RNA interference

Back 68

Blocks translation
break mRNA