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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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boundaries of middle age changing
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Middle age is starting later and lasting longer
Boundaries of middle age are being pushed upward More people lead healthier lifestyles; medical discoveries are holding off the aging process Middle age is starting later and lasting longer An increasing percentage of the population is made up of middle-aged and older adults “Rectangularization” of the age distribution Health advances, low fertility, aging baby-boom |
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Rectangularization of the population
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The % of the population of people at different ages in the life span are smililar
we went from a pyramid where the biggest part of the population was during childhood. Now its about even throughout the lifespan |
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Reason for rectangularization of the population
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Improved health, sanitation, longevity
Low fertility and voluntarily having less kids Baby boomers are getting older |
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Middle adulthood
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ages 40-65
Declining physical ability Increased responsibility Awareness of young/Old polarity Transmitting something meaningful to next gen Reaching and maintaining career satisfaction Reassessment of life's priorities |
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Middle adulthood
Gains and Growth |
Gains/Growth and Losses/decline Balance
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Late Midlife
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55-65 years
Usually characterized as: Death of a parent Last child leaving home Becoming a grandparent Prep for and actual retirement |
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Middle adulthood
visbile signs and appearance |
Usually gradual; rates of aging vary
Wrinkling and sagging of skin Appearance of aging spots Hair becomes thinner and grayer Nails become thicker and more brittle Yellowing of teeth |
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Middle adulthood
Height and Weight |
Height tends to shrink in middle age, due to bone loss in the vertebrae
Many gain weight, which is a critical health problem in middle adulthood |
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Middle adulthood
Strength and Bones |
Sarcopenia: age-related loss of muscle mass and strength
Especially common in the back and legs Exercise can reduce these declines Cushions for bone movement become less efficient, often leading to joint stiffness and more difficulty in movement Progressive bone loss |
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Sarcopenia
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Age related loss of muscle mass and strength
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Accomodation of the eye
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Ability to focus and maintain an image
Sharply declines between ages 40-59 Difficulty viewing close objects |
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Middle adulthood
vision |
Accomodation of the eye-ability to focus and maintian an image
sharply declines 40-59 Difficulty viewing close objects |
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Middle adulthood
Hearing |
can start to decline at 40
Hearing loss occurs in up to 50% of people over age 50 High pitch sounds go first |
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Middle adulthood
Cardiovascular system |
often:
High Bp, high cholesterol cardiovascular disease |
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Middle adulthood:
Blood pressure |
Typically rises in 40's and 50's
At menopause, a woman’s blood pressure rises sharply, remaining higher than that of men into the later years |
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Metabolic Syndrome
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a condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance
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Reduction of cardiovascular problems
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Exercise, weight control, and a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
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Middle adulthood
Lungs |
Lung tissue becomes less elastic at about age 55
Decreases lung’s capacity Nonsmokers have much better lung capacity |
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Middle adulthood
Sleeeeeeeep |
Wakeful periods become more frequent in the 40’s
Less deep sleep (stage 4) Feeling less rested in the morning |
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Chronic disorders
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disorder with a slow onset and a long duration
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Men have a higher incidence of
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Fatal Chronic Disorders:
CAD Coronary Artery Disease Cancer Stroke |
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Women have a higher incidence of
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Non-Fatal chronic disorders:
Arthritis Vericose veins Bursitis |
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middle adulthood
accidents and cold's and allergies |
Frequency of accidents declines
Individuals are less susceptible to colds and allergies |
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Middle adulthood
Main cause of death |
Chronic diseases:
Cancer Heart Disease/Cardiovascular Disease Men have higher mortality rates than women |
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Climacteric
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the midlife transition in which fertility declines
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Menopause
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time in middle age (late 40’s to early 50’s) when a woman’s menstrual periods completely cease
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Perimenopause
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transitional period; often takes up to 10 years
Side effects such as hot flashes, fatigue, nausea Experience of symptoms is widely varied |
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Women's typical reaction to menopause
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Cross-cultural studies show that the menopausal experience varies among women, but it is not generally as negative as it was once thought to be
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menopause treatment
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HRT- Hormone replacement therapy
is controversial because it has been linked to increased risk of stroke, dementia, and cancer |
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Middle adulthood
Hormone changes and sexuality in men |
Andropause - Most men do not lose the ability to father children
Modest decline in sexual hormone level and activity Erectile Dysfunction is common in middle-aged men May stem from physiological problems |
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Sexuality in Middle adulthood
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Sexual activity occurs less frequently in middle adulthood than in early adulthood
Middle-aged men are more interested in sex than are middle-aged women Living with a spouse or partner makes all the difference in terms of engaging in sexual activity |
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Information processing in middle adulthood
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Speed of information processing declines moderately during middle adulthood
Memory decline in early adulthood is minimal (if at all) but does occur later part of middle age or in late adulthood Starting in late middle age, more time is needed to learn new information Linked to changes in working memory |
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Work in Midlife
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Work is central to one’s life during middle age
In the U.S., about 80% of people aged 40 to 59 work Midlife is a time of evaluation, assessment, and reflection about work roles and future goals Far more couples today have to plan two retirements |
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Challenges of work in Midlife
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currently, middle-aged workers face many challenges:
Globalization and exporting of jobs Rapid development in technologies Downsizing and restructuring of companies Incentives to early retirement Concerns about pensions and health care are at the same time delaying retirements Midlife career changes are sometimes self-motivated, others are the consequence of losing one’s job |
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Leisure in Midlife
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pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing
Leisure opportunities may be expanded in middle adulthood, as people may have more money, more free time, and paid vacation Leisure is good for your health, and can help individuals prepare psychologically for retirement |
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Erikson's Stage for Middle Adulthood
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
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Generativity
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Generativity: adults’ desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation
Biological generativity Parental generativity Work generativity Cultural generativity |
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Stagnation
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develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation
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Midlife Crisis
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Vaillant’s “Grant Study”:
Midlife is not a crisis for most people Only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis Reports of general well-being and life satisfaction tend to be high during mid-life Adults often experience a peak of personal control and power during middle age Adults’ ability to master their environment, autonomy (independence/freedom), and personal relations improve during middle age Adult developmental experts generally agree that midlife crises have been exaggerated |
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Love
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AFFECTIONATE LOVE INCREASES during middle adulthood
Security, loyalty, & mutual emotional interest are more important |
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Marriage
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Most married individuals are satisfied with their marriages during midlife
Divorce in midlife can be less intense due to increased resources and lessened child-rearing responsibilities However, emotional and time commitment to a long-lasting marriage is typically not given up easily Staying married because of the children is a common reason for waiting to get a divorce |
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Empty Nest
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Empty Nest Syndrome:a feeling of loneliness and decline in marital satisfaction after the children leave the home
For most parents, marital satisfaction actually increases during the years after child rearing More time for career interests & each other |
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Refilling of empty nest
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refilling of the ‘empty nest’ is becoming a common occurrence
Loss of privacy is a common complaint for both parents and adult children |
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Grandparenting
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Many middle-age adults become grandparents
Three prominent meanings: Source of biological reward & continuity Source of emotional self-fulfillment Remote role The grandparent role and its functions vary among families, ethnic groups, and cultures Grandmothers typically have more contact with grandchildren than grandfathers |
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Three grandparenting styles
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Formal style- great interest in grandchildren -no childrearing advice
Fun-seeking style- informal and playful, grandkids are a form of leisure activity (Mutual satisfaction) Distant-figure style- benevolent but infrequent visits An increasing number of U.S. grandchildren live with their grandparents 2.3 million in 1980; 6.1 million in 2005 Most common reasons are divorce, adolescent pregnancies, and parental drug use |
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Grandparents who take in grandchildren
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are in better health, are better educated, are more likely to be working outside the home, and are younger than grandparents who move in with their children
Concern over grandparent visitation of children has become more common |
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Intergenerational relationships
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Middle-aged and older adults typically express a strong feeling of responsibility between generations in their family
They share their experiences and transmit values to the younger generation Family members typically maintain considerable contact across generations When conflicts arise: parents usually cite habits & lifestyle choices adult children cite communication & interaction styles |
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Mothers and Daughters
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have closer relationships during their adult years than mothers and sons, fathers and daughters, and fathers and sons
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Married Men
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are more involved with their wives’ families than with their own
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Maternal aunts and grandmothers
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are cited as the most important or loved relative twice as often as their paternal counterparts
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Sandwich generation
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Mid-life couples who are taking care of their aging parents while still raising their children
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Uncertainty or sandwich generation
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Not knowing how long they will have to wait for "their time" if even knowing what is expected in regards to parents and children
Great source of stress and can temper their genuine commitment to help family members in crisis or need Loss of independence and worry of duty to parents and other children |
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Us, kids and parents all want
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Control of own life
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Caught in between
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What their children want and need
What they want and need What their parents want and need |
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Need of each generation
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Sense of Control
Sense of Purpose |
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re-years
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Launching children into responsibile, happy adulthood
Revitalizing their marriage Review satisfaction and success concerning occupation or career Reorienting oneself to aging parents Realigning sex roles Reappraising where they are in terms of where they wanted to be by this time |
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Solution
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Clarify the house rules
Have a weekly family meeting Prepare a long-range financial plan Use available community program's and services Agree on a target date for departure for your young adult. "Cut the apron strings" Respect one another's privacy Take care of you own family, Marriage and esp. self |
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Life span
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The max amout of years a person can live
currently 120-125 yrs |
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Life expectancy
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#of yrs an average person will probably live 78yrs
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centarians
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100 yrs or older
#of centarians increase 7%/yr more Females than males males tend to be healthier Survival-Coping w/ stress, Genes, Family history, health, Education, personality, lifestyle |
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Physical changes to brain in late adulthood
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brain shrinks 5-10%between ages 20-90
maybe from decreased dendrites, damage to mylen sheaths or death of brain cells |
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immune system in late adulthood
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declines
Extended duration of stress, diminshed restorative processes Exercise improves immune system |
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Neurogenesis
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the generation of new neurons throughout the life span
Dendrite growth increases from the 40’s to 70’s Older brains rewire to compensate for losses Hemispheric lateralization can decrease; may improve cognitive functioning |
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Physical Appearance & Movement
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Wrinkles and age spots become more noticeable
People get shorter with aging due to bone loss in their vertebrae Weight typically drops after we reach age 60; likely because we lose muscle Older adults move more slowly than young adults Exercise (such as regular walking) & appropriate weight lifting can help reduce these declines |
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Vision- late adulthood
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Decline in vision becomes more pronounced
Adaptation to dark becomes especially difficult Especially driving at night Decline may be the result of a reduction in the quality or intensity of light reaching the retina Color vision may decline as a result of the yellowing of the lens of the eye (ex: navy vs. black) Depth perception declines in late adulthood Decrease in contrast sensitivity makes edges and backgrounds harder to see |
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Cataracts
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a thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted
Treated with glasses or surgery if necessary |
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Glacoma
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damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye
Treated with eye drops; can cause permanent damage |
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Macular degeneration
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deterioration of the macula of the retina, which makes objects directly in front hard to see
Peripheral vision may be normal May be treated early with surgery, but often causes blindness |
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hearing
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impairments are typical in late adulthood
15% of the population over age 65 is legally deaf Usually due to degeneration of the cochlea Some (not all) problems can be corrected by hearing aids |
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Smell and taste
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losses typically begin about age 60
Often leads to a desire for more seasoned foods |
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touch and pain
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Slight decline in touch sensitivity with age, especially lower extremities
Older adults are less sensitive to pain |
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sexuality in late adulthood
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Many older adults are sexually active as long as they are healthy
Think of the benefits! Older adults without a partner are far less likely to be sexually active than those who have a partner |
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health problems in late adulthood
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Probability of having some disease or illness increases with age
Arthritis is the most common; Hypertension is 2nd Older women have a higher incidence of arthritis, hypertension, and visual problems than older men Older men are more likely than women to have hearing impairments |
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nearly 75% of older adults die from
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cancer, heart disease, or stroke
Pneumonia, influenza, and diabetes are next |
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arthritis
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an inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems
Common in older adults Symptoms can be reduced with: Use of some drugs like aspirin Range-of-motion exercises Weight reduction Joint replacement in extreme cases |
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osteoporosis
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extensive loss of bone tissue
Affects women (80%) more often than men (20%) Can be prevented by: Eating calcium-rich fruits and vegetables Having a regular exercise program Medication |
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substance abuse - late adulthood
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Medications can increase the risks associated with consuming alcohol or other drugs
Majority of U.S. adults 65 and older completely abstain from alcohol, but many believe substance abuse among older adults may be an “invisible epidemic” Symptoms may be masked by other conditions Late-Onset Alcoholism: onset of alcoholism after the age of 65 Often related to loneliness, loss of a spouse, or a disabling condition |
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Exercise
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Active adults are healthier and happier
Linked to increased longevity Related to prevention of common chronic diseases Associated with improvement in the treatment of many diseases Can optimize body composition and reduce the decline in motor skills as aging occurs Reduces the likelihood that older adults will develop mental health problems Linked to improved brain & cognitive functioning |
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Multidimensionality & Multidirectionality
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Speed of Processing:
Speed of processing information declines in late adulthood Considerable individual variation Often due to a decline in brain and CNS functioning |
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Selective attention
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focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant
Older adults are generally less adept at this |
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Divided attention
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concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
When tasks are easy, age differences are minimal The more difficult the tasks, the less effectively older adults divide attention (ex: driving & talking) |
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Episodic memory
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Where were you 9/11?
younger adults have better episodic memory |
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Semantic memory
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What is the capital of WI?
does not decline as drastically as episodic memory Exception: tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon |
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use it or lose it
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Changes in cognitive activity patterns can result in disuse and lead to atrophy of skills
Certain mental activities can benefit the maintenance of cognitive skills Reading books, doing crossword puzzles, going to lectures & concerts Research suggests that mental exercise may reduce cognitive decline and lower the likelihood of developing Alzheimer disease |
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Major depression
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mood disorder, deeply unhappy, demoralized, self derogatory, and bored-
loses energy easily, poor appetite, unmotivated, |
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Lower frequency of depression have had
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fewer econimical hardships
fewer neg social exchanges increase religiousity Aerobic exercise Good health |
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Dementia
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Global term for any neurological disorder- primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning
Often loses ability to care for themselves loses ability to recognize familular people and surroundings 20% of people over 80 have dementia |
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Alzheimer Disease
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Gradual deteriation of memory, reasoning, language and eventually physical function
Deficiency in brain messinger chemical ACETYLCHOLINE as disease progresses brain shrinks and deteriorates |
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Erikson's socioemotional theory for late adulthood
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Integrity vs. Despair
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Activity theory
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the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives
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Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
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Older adults become more selective about their social networks, spending more time with individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships
Knowledg related Emotional contrast to social isolation notion of elderly |
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Ageism
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Prejudice against others because of their age
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income
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10%-12% of older adults are living in poverty
Varies by age and ethnicity |
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Parkinson's disease
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chronic progressive form of dementia characterized by muscle tremors, slowing movement and partial facial paralysis
Triggered by degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the brain |
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Advance directive
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Life-sustaining procedures shall not be used to prolong the life of an individual when death is imminent
Must be signed when an individual can still think clearly |
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Euthanasia
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the act of painlessly ending the lives of persons who are suffering from incurable diseases or severe disabilities
sometimes called "mercy killings" |
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Hospice
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a program committed to making the end of life free from pain, anxiety, and depression as much as possible
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Palliative care
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Care emphasized in a hospice, which involves reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity
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Kubler Ross' 5 stages of dying
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1. Denial and Isolation
2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance |
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Grief
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Emotional numbness, disbelief, seperation anxiety, despair, sadness, and lonliness that accompany the loss of someone we love
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