Large Animal Thoracic Limb

Front 1

Trapezius m.

Back 1

Cervical part acting alone swings the scapula forward, advancing the limb; thoracic part acting alone swings it in the opposite direction; both acting together they raise the scapula against the trunk

Hint 1

Dorsal midline from poll to withers; spine of the scapula

Front 2

Brachiocephalicus m.

Back 2

Flexes the neck ventrally when that part is free to move; bends the neck toward the active side when that part is free to move; advances the limb when the limb is free to move and the neck is fixed

Hint 2

Mastoid region of the skull; humeral ridge that extends distally from the deltoid tuberosity

Front 3

Omotransversarius m.

Back 3

Flexes the neck ventrally when that part is free to move; bends the neck toward the active side when that part is free to move; advances the limb when the limb is free to move and the neck is fixed

Hint 3

Transverse processes of the more cranial cervical vertebrae; clavicular intersection

Front 5

Latissimus dorsi m.

Back 5

Retractor of the limb; pull the trunk forward onto an advanced limb; covers the caudal angle of the scapula and holds it against the trunk

Hint 5

Supraspinous ligament, thoracolumbar fascia; teres major tuberosity of the humerus

Front 7

Transverse pectoral m. (caudal)

Back 7

Adduction, advance limb

Hint 7

Cranial sternebrae; fascia over the medial aspect of the upper part of the forearm

Front 9

Descending pectoral m. (cranial)

Back 9

Adduction

Hint 9

Manubrium; humerus, fascia of the arm

Front 10

Rhomboideus m.

Back 10

Raise the scapula, rotate the scapula so that the ventral angle is carried caudally

Hint 10

Nuchal and supraspinous ligaments, extends between the second cervical and seventh thoracic vertebrae; dorsal border of scapula

Front 11

Serratus ventralis m.

Back 11

Support of the trunk; cervical part rotates the bone so that the ventral angle is carried caudally and so retracts the limb; thoracic part advances this angle and thus the limb

Hint 11

Fourth cervical vertebrae to the tenth rib; scapular cartilage, two triangular areas on the adjacent part of the medial surface of the scapula

Front 12

Deep pectoral m.

Back 12

Adduction, retraction of limb, advancement of the trunk onto an advanced and fixed limb

Hint 12

Caudal part of the sternum, adjacent area of the abdominal floor; greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus

Front 13

Subclavius m.

Back 13

Adduction, retraction of limb, advancement of the trunk onto an advanced and fixed limb

Hint 13

Cranial part of the sternum, cranial surface of the supraspinatus; epimysium

Front 14

Supraspinatus m.

Back 14

Extend and stabilize the shoulder joint

Hint 14

Supraspinous fossa, spine of scapula; greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus

Front 15

Infraspinatus m.

Back 15

Shoulder fixator

Hint 15

Infraspinous fossa; greater tubercle

Front 16

Deltoideus m.

Back 16

Flex shoulder

Hint 16

Spine of the scapula, aponeurosis over infraspinatus m.; deltoid tuberosity

Front 17

Teres major m.

Back 17

Flex shoulder

Hint 17

Caudal border of scapula; teres major tuberosity

Front 18

Coracobrachialis m.

Back 18

Adducts arm

Hint 18

Coracoid process; middle third of cranial surface of humerus

Front 19

Subscapularis m.

Back 19

Adducts arm and stabilizes shoulder joint

Hint 19

Subscapular fossa; lesser tubercle

Front 20

Biceps brachii m.

Back 20

Flex elbow

Hint 20

Supraglenoid tubercle; radial tuberosity and tendon of extensor carpi radialis m.

Front 21

Brachialis m.

Back 21

Flex elbow

Hint 21

Brachialis groove of humerus; medial border of radius near proximal extremity

Front 22

Tensor fascia antebrachii m.

Back 22

Extend elbow

Hint 22

Tendon of insertion of latissimus dorsi, caudal border of the scapula; olecranon and antebrachial fascia

Front 23

Long head of the triceps brachii m.

Back 23

Extend elbow, flex shoulder

Hint 23

Caudal border of scapula; olecranon

Front 24

Lateral head of the triceps brachii m.

Back 24

Extend elbow

Hint 24

Lateral surface of the humerus; olecranon

Front 25

Medial head of the triceps brachii m.

Back 25

Extend elbow

Hint 25

Medial surface of the humerus; olecranon

Front 26

Extensor carpi radialis m.

Back 26

Extend carpus

Hint 26

Lateral epicondylar crest, radial fossa of the humerus, deep fascia of the arm and forearm, intermuscular septum between it and the common digital extensor; metacarpal tuberosity

Front 27

Common digital extensor m.

Back 27

Extend carpus and digits

Hint 27

Cranial aspect of the distal part of the humerus, lateral epicondyle, lateral collateral ligament, lateral tuberosity of radius, lateral surface of ulna, deep fascia of the forearm; extensor process of PIII (equine), extensor process of PIII of digits 3 and 4 (bovine)

Front 28

Lateral digital extensor m.

Back 28

Extend carpus and digits

Hint 28

Lateral tuberosity of radius, lateral collateral ligament of elbow joint, body of ulna; dorsal aspect proximal end of PI (equine), proximal extremity of PII of digit IV (bovine)

Front 29

Medial digital extensor m. (bovine)

Back 29

Extend carpus and digits

Hint 29

Radial fossa, lateral epicondyle; proximal extremity of PII of digit 3

Front 30

Ulnaris lateralis m.

Back 30

Flex carpus

Hint 30

Lateral epicondyle; accessory carpal bone, proximal extremity of fourth metacarpal bone

Front 31

Flexor carpi ulnaris m.

Back 31

Flex carpus

Hint 31

Medial epicondyle; accessory carpal bone

Front 32

Flexor carpi radialis m.

Back 32

Flex carpus

Hint 32

Medial epicondye; second metacarpal bone (equine), mediopalmar part of proximal extremity of large metacarpal bone (bovine)

Front 34

Superficial digital flexor m.

Back 34

Flex carpus, digits

Hint 34

Medial epicondyle, caudal surface of radius; proximal extremity of PII, distal extremity of PI (equine), proximal extremity of PII of digits 3 and 4 (bovine)

Front 35

Deep digital flexor m.

Back 35

Flex carpus digits

Hint 35

Medial epicondyle, olecranon, caudal surface of radius; flexor surface of PIII (equine), flexor tubercle of PIII of digits 3 and 4 (bovine)

Front 36

Interosseus m. (suspensory ligament)

Back 36

Vital role in stay apparatus

Hint 36

Palmar surface of third metacarpal bone; abaxial surface of proximal sesamoids, extensor branches to common digital extensor m.