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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the differences in finding oedema as a clinical sign of heart failure in ruminants and horses.
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Ruminants: Oedema readily forms and is persistent once it forms. Seen in the brisket.
Horses: Oedema is often intermittent and is an inconsistent finding. Forms over the cranial sternum, ventral thorax and forelimbs. |
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What types of history questions might you ask a horse owner when trying to work up a cardio case?
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Duration of the clinical signs
Sudden vs gradual onset Association of CSs with exercise Poor performance vs exercise intolerance Coughing, dyspnoea, etc |
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In left sided heart failure, what would you expect to find when assessing the mucous membranes?
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Pale mucous membranes
*This may also be caused by anaemia |
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In right sided heart failure, what would you expect to find when assessing the mucous membranes?
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blue/cyanotic membranes.
*purple/blue rings at the junction between the gums and the teeth are caused by endotoxaemia! |
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What three mucous membranes are worth assessing?
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Ocular, oral and genital
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In a horse, where would you test for CRT, and what would a normal CRT be?
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Press the gums immediately adjacent to the teeth where they are most vascular.
Normal CRT is less than 3 seconds |
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In a horse, where can you take a pulse?
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External maxillary/facial artery where it crosses the mandible, the transverse facial, the median artery, or the digital artery
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In a cow, where can you take a pulse?
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External maxillary/facial artery where it crosses the mandible, the middle coccygeal artery, or the median artery
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What should the pulse rate be in an adult horse?
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28-42 beats per min
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What should the pulse rate be in an adult cow?
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55-80 beats per min
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If you heard a regularly irregular heart rhythm in a horse, would you be concerned?
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No, normal adult horses often show second degree AV block.
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What abnormality might you consider if you felt a bounding pulse in a horse?
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Clinically significant aortic regurgitation
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What does the jugular pulse represent and at what point is it abnormal?
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It is a measure of right sided blood pressure.
It is abnormal if it extends more than 1/3rd of the way up the jugular groove |
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How do you measure jugular fill?
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Measure the time it takes the jugular vein to fill to the mandible when it is occluded with digital pressure at the base of the neck.
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What is a normal jugular fill time and what does a slow filling time indicate?
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Normal: less than 20 seconds
Slow indicated left sided failure |
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How do you auscultate the heart of a horse?
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Make sure the limb of the side you want to auscultate is protracted, feel for the apex beat, then listen at the apex moving dorso-cranially towards the heart base.
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What heart sounds can you hear in a normal horse?
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S1, S2, S4 and sometimes S3
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What heart sounds can you hear in a normal cow?
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S1, S2, and S4. It is not normal to hear S3 in a cow!
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What is the normal blood pressure in a horse?
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110/70 +/- 10 for systolic and diastolic
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