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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Type of skeletal muscle which has few mitochondria, low myoglobin content, low oxidative phosphorylation activity and white color of fibers is... |
Fast-glycolytic |
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__________ utilizes a second messenger system. |
Peptide Hormones |
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What is the major circulating and abundant form of the thyroid hormone circulating in the blood... |
T4 |
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The principal role of calcium in skeletal muscle contraction is to bind to________________ which in turn permits the cross-bridge binding between thick and thin filament. |
Tropomin |
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ATP is required for muscle contraction. Describe three uses of ATP during muscle contraction. |
1. Power Stroke 2. Detachment of cross-bridge 3. Active transport of Ca |
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Skeletal muscle relaxation is achieved by the removal of ___________ ion from the muscle fiber binding site. |
Ca |
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List two hormones, their target organs and functions that are secreted from posterior pituitary. |
1. Vasopressin targets the kidney and artieral smooth muscle. The kidney deals with water retention and the artieral smooth muscle controls blood flow. 2. Oxytocin targets uterine smooth muscle and mammory glands. Uterine contractions and the mammory glands contract for milk let down |
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Steroid hormones are made from a common precursor... |
cholesterol |
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The major site for metabolic hormonal inactivation is.... |
Liver |
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Hydrophilic hormones are excreted ( faster/ slower) than hydrophobic hormones. |
Faster |
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About 90% of thyroid hormone is secreted in the form of __________ and this hormone is converted into tri-iodothyronine in the _____________ and _____________. |
T4, Liver, Kidney |
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Parathyroid hormone directly influences on its target organs, __________, and ___________ to increase the plasma calcium level when circulating plasma calcium level is low. |
Bone, Kidney |
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List the rest of the three classes of steroids and an exampole that are produced from adrenal cortex. |
1. Mineralocorticoids ----- aldosterone 2. Glucocorticoids----- cortizal 3. Sex Steroids ----- estrigen / testosterone |
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Smooth muscle is |
unstriated and involuntary |
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A muscle fiber is a... |
multinucleate, muscle cell |
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Depolarization of the T tubule membrane causes mechanically-gated, calcium channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum to |
open, leading to an elevation of cytoplasmic calcium levels |
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What type of cell is multi nucleated? |
Skeletal muscle |
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Calcitonin is produced by the ... |
Thyroid gland |
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Hormones produced in the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary via... |
A portal blood system |
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Hormones produced in the hypothalamus travel to the posterior pituitary via... |
Neural Fibers |
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In muscle fiber, thin filament is composed of three major proteins,_____________,_____________and actin. |
Troponin, Tropomyosin |
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Prostaglandin is synthesized from the fatty acid precursor__________________. |
Arachidonic Acid |
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The signaling where a cell responds to a secretion from the same cell is termed: |
Autocrin signaling |
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The major componet of thick filament is... |
Myosin |
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The principal role of calcium in skeletal muscle contraction is to... |
Bind troponin, which in turn permits tropomyosin to uncover the cross-bridge binding site on the thin filament. |
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What is the most active form of thyroid hormone? |
T3 |
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Metabolic water produced by three major nutrients is in an order of... |
Fat > Carbohydrates > Protein |
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What Hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus? |
Corticotropin releasing hormone |
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Type of skeletal muscle which has many mitochondria, high myoglobin content, low oxidative phosphorylation activity and red in color is... |
Slow-oxidative |
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Calcitonin is produced by the... |
Thyroid gland |
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The gland most involved in stress response is... |
Adrenal Gland |
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The neurotransmitter associated with the neuromuscular junction is ... |
Acetylcholine |
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Iodine is a part of what hormone ... |
Thyroxine |
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Mineralocorticoids influence the plasma concentration of ... |
Sodium |
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What factors are subject to hormonal control to maintain blood glucose level ... |
1. Hepatic glucose production 2. Transport of glucose into the cells |
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A metabolic process that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as pyruvate, lactate, and glucogenic amino acids is ... |
Gulconeogenisis |
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In hormone to hormone interaction, one hormone is needed for other hormones effect is |
Permissiveness |
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What is pH range of normal blood? |
7.35 - 7.45 |
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The ATP used in muscle contraction and relaxation may come from 3 biochemical reactions/sources. Name these sources... |
1. Glycolisis 2. Phosphogens 3. Oxidative Phospherolation |
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Mineralorticoids are produced by ... |
Adrenal Cortex |
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List the six hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland and its target organs... |
1. Growth Hormone ---- Body/Liver 2. TSH --- Thyroid 3. ACTH --- Adrenal Cortex 4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone ---Gonads 5. Leutinising Hormone --- Gonads 6. Prolactin --- Mammary Glands |
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Calcium ions in Relaxed Skeletal muscle are stored in the ______________. |
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
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The process where muscle mass grows by increasing size of cell volume but not by increasing number of cells is termed ____________. |
Hypertrophy |
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Type _______ Diabetes is prevailing in adults and caused by increased insensitivity to insulin. |
2 |
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Antidiuretic hormone secreted from the pituitary is _______________. |
Vassopressin |
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List Two major target organs for parathyroid hormone and describe its three main functions on these target organs. |
Bone and Kidney 1. Get Calcium from bone 2. Release Calcium / Water Retainchen 3. Regluate Calcium Concentration
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______________ or fluid is the water found in the cells and make up to _____________% of total body weight. |
Intracellular water/ fluid, 40% |
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The hormone __________ is secreted by the kidney and acts on _____________ (target organ) in response to reduced oxygen delivery. |
EPO, Bone Marow |
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Pancreatic hormone ___________ is produced by the beta cells in inslets of Langerhans and (increase, Decrease) blood glucose, amino acids and fatty acid levels. |
Insolin, Decrease |
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What is the Absorptive form and Major storage site for charbohydrates, lipids, and Protein? |
1. Charbohydrates---glucose---liver/musole 2. Lipid---fatty acid---adipose tissue 3. Protein---amino acids---skelital musole |
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What are the three main componets of the blood... |
1. Red blood cells 2. Blood platlets 2. White blood cells |
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What glucose transportation is under the control of insulin? |
GULT 4 |
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_______________ is the most abundant protein in the blood. |
Albumin |
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The major function of the parathyroid system is to balance... |
Calcium |
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What Hormone is responsible for milk production... |
prolaction |
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The blood supply to the body is referred to as the ____________ circulation. |
Systemic |
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Mammalian erythrocytes are just like any other cell in the body in that they... |
Have a plasma membrane |
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The neurotransmitter associated with the neuromuscular junction is |
Acetylcholine |
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Regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis is primarily under the direct control of... |
Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Steroid hormones are... |
Lipophilic |
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The mineral found in the thyroxine hormone is ... |
Iodine |
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The major Site of metabolic hormone inactivation is the ... |
Liver |
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In adult,_________________% of body weight is blood. |
45-60% |
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In addition to water in feed and ingested water, additional avenue of water gain in animals comes from _____________. |
Metabolic water |
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Nutrients required for normal body function that cannot be synthesized by the body or synthesized not enough and must be obtained from a dietary source is termed as... |
Essential Nutrients |
