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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Treaty of Verdun
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843: partitioned the Carolingian empire among the three surviving sons of the emperor Louis I (the Pious). was the first stage in the dissolution of the empire of Charlemagne
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Year 1066
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Normans invaded Britain at Battle of Hastings
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1453
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Fall of Constantinople
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1492
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Castilians conquer Granada
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1789
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French Revolution, imposed standard French
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Treaty of Rome
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1957: beginning of EU
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Europe : geographically
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Atlantic, Arctic Circle, Mediterranean, Caucasus, Ural
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covert observation
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whether to make participants in a survey aware of the true goal
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observer's paradox
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waning people they are being recorded causes them to alter their behavior
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social variable (in sociolinguistics)
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a factor that determines a variation in language
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linguistic variable (in sociolinguistics)
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the feature you want to investigate (a language, dialect, style, register, syntactic pattern, word/phrase)
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monophthongs
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"pure" vowels
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diphthongs
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complex vocalic elements
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diacritics
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notational marks to modify the sound represented (colons indicate the vowel is lengthened)
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rhotic
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the accent if people pronounce the "r" in farm
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dialect
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word choices, syntactic ordering and other grammatical choices
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dialect chains
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geographically close dialects are close in form
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isoglosses
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drawing lines on the map to separate one form and speech community from another
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lexicogrammar
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word choices and syntactic utterances
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corpus linguistics
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using a computer database of real language samples
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register
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variation due to differences in social situation of use
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field
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the social setting and purpose of interaction (recipe = cookery)
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tenor
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the relationship between the participants in the event (recipe = pro cook or amateur?)
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mode
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medium of communication (recipe = written)
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style
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variations within registers that can represent individual choices along social dimensions; on a scale from formal to casual
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code
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language, dialect, register, accent, style. claim identity
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code-switching
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choice of code is determined by the domain in which speakers perceive themselves to be
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situational code-switching
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as a result of changed domain
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metaphorical code-switching
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changing the perceived context
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code-mixing
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where a domain is not well defined or two domains could be seen to be operating
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co-ordinate bilingual
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develop both languages equally
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diglossia
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two language varieties are used by everyone and there is a functional divergence in usage
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William Labov
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developed sociolinguistics
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hypercorrection
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linguistic insecurity more commonly seen in women than in men (men have reverse)
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criteria by which the stigma in which a code is held can be measured
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standardization (dictionary? approved?)
vitality (living speakers?) historicity (sense of longevity of code?) autonomy (different from others?) reduction (speakers consider it a subvariety or a full code?) mixture (speakers consider it "pure" or a mixture?) unofficial norms (do speakers have a sense of good and bad varieties of the code?) |
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synchronic
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freeze frame of society
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genderlect
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the different lexical and grammatical choices characteristically chosen by men and women
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contact language
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dominates with military or economic power
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trade language
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equal relationship between two languages
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international language
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neutral form of 2 languages
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auxiliary language
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highly technical vocab (air traffic control)
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pigdin
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a hybrid language with limited range of functions (coastal areas, imperialism, slavery, plantation labor, war)
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creole
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what a pigdin becomes as soon as it is learned as the first language of a new generation
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basilectal
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the way workers speak (lowest)
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acrolect
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the way social elites speak (highest)
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mesolect
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the way normal people speak (middle)
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phatic tokens
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the parts of conversation whose primary function is social rather than content (how are you)
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accommodation
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participants converge their speech styles
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sociolinguistics
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how society influences language and how language influences society
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social variation
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class (dialect)
education (style) region (dialect) ethnicity (accents, vocab) religion (indirectly) gender (accent, intonation) age (slang) profession (jargon) |
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Dialect
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includes features of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and pragmatics
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what is the link between sociolinguistics (synchronic variation) and historical linguistics (diachronic variation)?
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Attitudes & prestige (overt and covert)
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Resemblance between languages
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chance, borrowing, language universals
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reconstruction
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accomplished through systematic comparison of the forms in the descendant languages
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correspondence sets
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groups of words compared with one another
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cognates
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the words in each correspondence set
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proto-language
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ancestral language
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grammar
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unconscious rules and principles about a language
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Neogrammarian hypothesis
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the theory on sound change that it is regular and exceptionless
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morpheme
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the smallest linguistic units that have meaning (foot, devil, un-, -ing)
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morphology
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the rules for using and combining morphemes
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lexicon
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one's mental dictionary, in which words and morphemes are stored
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lexical change
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changes to individual words
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analogy
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process by which an old irregular form is replaced by a regular form
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syntax
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rules by which words are combined into larger units
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semantics
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meaning of words
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grammaticalization
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a noun gets specialized as a grammatical marker (ex. French 'pas')
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Determining pronunciation
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key thing: spelling errors & poetry
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philology
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linguistic analysis of texts
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Sir William Jones
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notices Sanskrit and proposed idea of Indo-European (Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin came from IE)
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Indo-Iranian
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Greek, Italic (latin and related languages of Italy), Celtic, Germanic
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19th century
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when the name "indo-european" was created
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substrate languages
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spoken by non-IE speaking populations of the territories into which the IE speakers migrated
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assimilation
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sounds combine
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apocope
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sounds disappear
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epenthesis
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sounds appear
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morphological productivity changes
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-th goes to -ness
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morphological analogy
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irregulars disappear: holp --> helped
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phonology of proto-indo-european
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five vowels, many stops
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syntax of proto-indo-european
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Subject Verb Object (SVO)
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Earliest documents written in Latin
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600 AD, in Ireland
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Why was there more writing in the Roman Empire than in the early medieval centuries?
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Parchment vs. papyrus
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bilingual education (2 ways)
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maintenance, and transitional (immersion, submersion)
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When did the Indo-Europeans migrate?
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4000-5000 BC
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Which cities became regional centers in the time period of IE to Roman Empire?
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Roma and Athens
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Roman conquests 197 BC to 106 AD
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parts of Italy, Spain, Greece, Gaul (now France, Belgium, Netherlands), Britain, Romania; leads to LATIN with substrate influence
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Germanic Invasions
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Franks, Burgundians, Wisigoths, Vandals, Lombards, Angles, Saxons --> Celts pushed back and Roman Empire collapses
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Arab invasions
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Spain (712 - 1492); southern Italy
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Vikings
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750 - 1150: mostly the northwest, Russia --> total chaos
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Linguistic consequences of all the invasions
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bilingualism, dialect fragmentation, no "national" languages
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Language form due to invasions
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massive borrowing:
Celtic names in French, Germanic words in French (gant) Arab words in Spanish (azucar) Visigoth names in Spanish (Fernando) Norse place names in English (rugby) |
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1066 invasion of Normans w/Battle of Hastings: who led army and what were the consequences?
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William the Conqueror
"French" (Norman) becomes the language of the court, trilingualism, borrowings (war from guerre) |
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Causes of the rebirth of English after 1066 battle of hastings
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annexation of Normandy by France
War of 100 Years Black Death Oxford teaching English in 1349 Parliament opening session in English in 1362 |
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Other languages that started popping up from 600 AD to 1000 AD
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Welsh, Irish, German, French, Spanish
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Another thing that varied during 600-1000 AD language
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alphabet: Roman in W, Cyrillic in Slavic areas
degree of standardization |
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John Palsgrave
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Late 1400s- mid 1500s
Eclaircissement de la langue Francaise |
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Antonio de Nebrija
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mid 1400s- early 1500s
Grammar of the Spanish Language first to consider a Romance language worthy of study |
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Language developments during 1400s and 1500s
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HUMANISM = importance on linguistic skill, grammar and rhetoric --> people wanted to perfect their linguistic knowledge
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Political and cultural developments of the Renaissance
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Development of natural languages (due to humanist desire for knowledge)
Newly recognized vernacular languages of Europe Strong rejection of speculative grammar & resumption of late Roman views loose urban community was becoming a city-state popular sovereignty Petrarch stressed the importance of language mastery Machiavelli- described political life as it really was |
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speculative grammar
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the belief that language reflects the reality underlying the physical world and that there was some universal grammar valid for all languages
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Robert Wakefield
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studied Hebrew "On the Three Languages" early 1500s
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Juan Luis Vives
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Spanish scholar and humanist early 1500s
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Johannes Comenius
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Czech teacher, educator, and writer (father of modern education)
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Dark ages in linguistics
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fragmentation, politically and linguistically (500-800)
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Later middle ages in linguistics
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very slow consolidation (English in London, French in Paris, Italian in Tuscany, Spanish in Castile)
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Year that marks end of middle ages
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1453
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time period marked by rapidly increasing consolidation
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around the year 1500
Scotland & England Spain united (conquest of Granada 1492) France taking shape under FRANCOIS I |
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Edict of Villers-Cotterets
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French to be used for administration! 1539
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Treaty of 1494- Torsedillas
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What belonged to Spain and what belonged to Portugal in S. America
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Countries that expanded
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Spain, Portugal
France, Britain, Holland, Russia Germany, Italy, Belgium |
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The renaissance in cultural sense
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back to antiquity
back to the human as opposed to the divine/idealization in art more emphasis on individual rights less emphasis on death (after plague) demographic expansion |
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The 3 languages of the "collegium trilingue"
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Latin, Greek & Hebrew
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doublets
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two words that come from the same word, where one comes through a series of changes but the other was borrowed at a certain time.
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Linguistic concepts of colonialization
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new words for new concepts (potato, tomato, canoe)
native languages of the americas become minority languages French, Spanish and Portuguese develop differently in the Americas than in Europe |
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Loi Toubon
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1994: reasserts the centrality of French within the public sphere and has important consequences for the status of other languages in France
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patois
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term used for other languages in France after the French Revolution other than French
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who established the Academie Francaise?
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Frederic Mistral
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1800s: aimed to make neo-Provencal a literary language, amazing poet
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Guido Gezelle
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1800s: master of lyric poetry
Tried to develop an independent Flemish language |
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Development of printing
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Gutenberg in 1439
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Italian language academy
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Academia della Crusca -- 1583 (first in Europe)
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Three focuses of Romanticism
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a return to NATURE, the PAST (middle ages) and FEELINGS. late 1700s - late 1800s
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Linguistic consequences of the romantic movement
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Interest not so much in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew anymore-- instead in lost languages.
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Revival of Celtic
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occurred during Romanticism after 1760 w/publication of "Fragments of ancient poetry collected in the highlands of Scotland"
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Jacint Verdaguer I Solaro
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wrote poetry in Catalan and romanticized Catalan tradition
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monarchic
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one OWL= english
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synarchic
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one OWL = Esperanto
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oligarchic
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English, German and French
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panarchic
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23 OWLs. 506 translations
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hegemonic
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all 23 languages are official but pivot language of English used (44T)
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technocratic
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all 23 languages are official but pivot languages of English and Esperanto are used (46T)
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triple symmetrical relay
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all 23 languages are OWLs, 3 pivot languages
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best option if concern is speed and accuracy
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monarchic or synarchic
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best option if concern is cost of translation
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avoid monarchic, synarchic and oligarchic
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uncompensated transfers
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when one language is in a dominant position and language does not have to be learned by a certain group, leading to a monetary advantage
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What did countries want after WWII?
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Closer ties to achieve economic growth, military security and promote a lasting reconciliation between France and Germany
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Benelux
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1948: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
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19th/early 20th century characterized by..
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nationalism!
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European Economic Community (EEC)
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1958: BeNeLux + France, Germany, Italy by TREATY OF ROME. 4L
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Countries added over time to EEC between 1973 and 2007
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UK, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Malta, Cyprus, Romania, Bulgaria
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Resource ALLOCATION issue
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efficiency of language choices for EU
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Resource DISTRIBUTION issue
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fairness of language choices for EU
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