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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols used for communication |
language |
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when two people can understand each other when speaking |
mutual intelligibility |
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a language that is published, widely distributed, and purposely taught |
standard language |
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variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines |
dialects |
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a set of contagious dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related; the farther away, the known to each other |
dialect chains |
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a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs; never simple |
isogloss |
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a collection of languages that share a common but distant ancestor |
language families |
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language families broken into where the commonalities are more definite and their origin is more recent |
subfamilies |
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hypothesized ancestral indo-european language that is the hearth of the ancient latin, greek, and sanskrit languages |
proto-indo-european |
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when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language, and continued isolation causes new languages to be formed |
language divergence |
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the collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages |
language convergence |
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when a language was once in use, but is no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world |
language extinction |
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the theory that early speakers of proto-indo-european spread east to west on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion/differentiation of indo-european tongues |
conquest theory |
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languages derived from latin in many areas covered by the roman empire |
romance languages |
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languages that grew out of the expansion of peoples out of northern europe to west and south europe |
germanic languages |
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languages that began as slavic people then migrated from present day ukraine |
slavic languages |
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a language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce |
lingua franca |
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when parts of two or more languages are combined in simplified structure and vocabulary to create a language |
pidgin language |
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a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue of a region and/or people |
creole language |
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countries where almost everyone speaks the same language |
monolingual states |
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countries in which more than one language is in use |
multilingual states |
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government-selected language of languages to try to enhance communication in a multilingual state |
official language |
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a place name geographers use |
toponyms |
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a slight change in a word across languages from the present backward toward its origin |
sound shift |
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the agricultural hearth of the fertile crescent gave rise to three language families |
renfrew hypothesis |
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the agricultural hearth of the fertile crescent gave rise to three language families |
renfrew hypothesis |
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the indo-european languages that arose from proto-indo european were first carried eastward into southwest asia |
dispersal theory |
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hypothesized ancestral language of proto-indo-european as well as ancestral families |
nostratic |
