Language Science

Front 1

Meanings of sentences

Back 1

Semantics

Front 2

grammatical arrangement of words in sentences

Back 2

syntax

Front 3

system of sounds in a language

Back 3

phonology

Front 4

propositions, conjuctions etc that small children tend to leave out in early speech

Back 4

closed-class (function words)

Front 5

nouns, verbs or adjectives that young children tend to use in early speech

Back 5

open-classed (content words)

Front 6

Abstract representations of the sound units in a language/differences in sounds that make a contribution to meaning

Back 6

Phonemes

Front 7

Different sounds that get categorized as the same phoneme

Back 7

Allophones

Hint 7

example pot [ph] vs spot [p]

Front 8

Most basic elements of meaning

Back 8

morpheme

Front 9

variant forms of the morpheme

Back 9

allomorphs

Hint 9

ex: hats, dogs boxes are all allomorphs of the /s/ morpheme

Front 10

the temporary storage of info that is being processed in any range of cognitive tasks

Back 10

working memory

Front 11

What are the components of the working memory?

Back 11

Central Executive, Phonological Loops & Visio-Spatial Sketchpad (episodic buffer according to Baddeley)

Front 12

Part of working memory that acts as supervisory system & controls the flow of info from and to its slave systems

Back 12

Central Executive

Front 13

Part of working memory that deals with phonological info

Back 13

Phonological loop

Front 14

Part of phonological loop that auditory verbal info enters. Acts as an 'inner ear',
remembering speech sounds in their temporal order

Back 14

Phonological store

Front 15

Part of phonological loop that acts as an 'inner voice' and repeats the series of words
(or other speech elements) on a loop to prevent them
from decaying.

Back 15

Articulatory rehearsal component

Front 16

Part of working memory that Stores and manipulates visual & spatial information that is either
Directly from perception or
Indirectly from imagery

Back 16

visio spatial sketch pad

Front 17

Type of long term memory that holds traces of events that are specific to a time and place;Deals with personally experienced events (e.g., the last time
you walked your puppy)

Back 17

episodic memory

Front 18

Type of long term memory that consists of organized knowledge of words, concepts, symbols, & objects
Deals with general facts (e.g., dogs like to wiggle their tails)

Back 18

semantic memory

Front 19

Memory that consists of learned actions and skills

Back 19

Procedural memory

Front 20

Memory of stored facts. Branches into episodic & semantic memory

Back 20

Declarative memory

Front 21

Language processing that occurs sequentially- each process occurs one after another. There is an explicit order in which
operations occur; in general the results of one action are known before a next action is
considered.

Back 21

Serial Processing

Front 22

Two or more language processes take place simultaneously

neurally inspired processing; attempts to model information processing the way it actually takes place in
the brain.

Back 22

Parallel Processing

Front 23

A process that occurs without
conscious control and without taking up much in the
way of out attentional resources. Require little attention
 Obligatory
 Fast

Back 23

Automatic Processes

Front 24

A process that requires extensive capacity. Require resources, Under some volitional direction, Slow, requires effort

Back 24

Controlled process

Front 25

morphemes that create new words
ex: un + happy = unhappy

Carry semantic info

Back 25

Derivational Morphemes

Front 26

Morphemes that make minor grammatical changes
necessary for agreement with other words.

They carry grammatical information.

Back 26

Inflectional Morphemes

Front 27

Name the 6 places of articulation

Back 27

Larynx, soft palate, tongue body, tongue tip,tongue
root, lips

Front 28

Name the 6 manners of articulation

Back 28

stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, glides

Front 29

When sounds blend into each other; The production of more than one sound at a time (by a
speaker)

Back 29

Coarticulation

Front 30

At any point in the speech signal, there is information
about more than one sound; Different phonemes of the same syllable are encoded into the speech signal simultaneously.

Back 30

Parallel Transmission

Front 31

The way that we impose categories on physically continuous stimuli,
and thus perceiving things that lie along a continuum as
belonging to one distinct category.

Back 31

Categorical Perception

Front 32

The illusion caused when the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound

Back 32

McGurk Effect

Front 33

When a word is pronounced with a phoneme missing due to interruption (ex: coughing) we can use top-down knowledge to “fill in” the missing information and still perceive the missing phoneme in the word

Back 33

Phoneme Restoration Effect

Front 34

What typically results when someone mispronounces a word?

(Mispronunciation detection)

Back 34

Minor errors in pronunciation tend to be ignored.
 Some mispronounced sounds do get detected.

Front 35

groups of words (phrases) that behave
the same or share the same distribution.

Back 35

Phrasal categories

Front 36

Baddeley-Hitch Model

Back 36

Demonstrates how the different parts of the working memory interact and work.

Front 37

The lower levels of processing operate without influence from the higher levels

Back 37

Bottom up processing

Front 38

The higher levels influence processing at the lower levels

Back 38

Top down processing

Front 39

Recognizing words is an example of what kind of process

Back 39

Automatic processes

Front 40

The peaks of energy at particular frequencies are
called resonances, or formants amplified by the vocal chords

Back 40

Formants

Front 41

shows the amount of energy present in a sound when frequency is plotted against time

Back 41

spectrogram

Front 42

The large rises or drops in formant
frequency that occur over short durations of
time.
 These transitions nearly always occur either
at the beginning or the end of a syllable;
 They usually correspond

Back 42

Formant transitions

Front 43

When formant frequency is relatively stable;
 Usually correspond to the vowel.

Back 43

steady state

Front 44

No matter where you segment a stop-vowel syllable, the first segment will either sound like
a consonant-vowel syllable, or not like speech
at all.

There is no place where you can cut the syllable to hear only the consonant.

Back 44

The Segmentation problem

Front 45

Phonetic segments are not acoustically consistent; There is not one-to-one correspondence between acoustic cues & perceptual events. Thus the perception of speech segments must occur through a process that is different & more complex that auditory perception of noise and other sounds not related to speech)

Back 45

lack of invariance problem

Front 46

Theory of speech which says that the way we perceive speech is related to the way we produce speech (via articulation). Different sounds are produced by different configurations of the articulators. There is a separate part of brain responsible only for speech perception

Back 46

Motor speech theory

Front 47

There is a cognitive unit for each feauture at the feature level, phoneme at the phoneme level & word at the word level. At any given time each of these units are activated.

Back 47

Trace Model of Speech perception