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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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tense primarily refers to
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the way the grammar marks the time at which the action denoted by the verb took place; grammatical category describing the time of a clause
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tense is related to time...
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...but there is no simple relation between the two
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some authors define tense as...
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...an affix of some kind
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tense is not the same as aspect however...
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...they commonly interact
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absolute tense=
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refers to a point on a time-line
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relative tense=
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time relative to some other time
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some systems have 'metrical' system of tense providing...
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...an appropriate and subjective measure of the interval between the frame and the tense locus
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it is a measure, think of a movie scene
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What are the two types of aspect?
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aspect proper-relating to the internal temporal constituency of a situation
lexical aspect-inherent aspect associated with verb classes |
a relation and an inherent thing
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Aspects are?
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different ways of viewing the internal temporal constituency of a situation
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perfective tense?
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the situation is presented as a unanalyzable whole
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perfect tense
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as past situation with present relevance
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aspect refers to...
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...the internal structure of an event: whether its ongoing(progressive, beginning(inceptive), a state(stative), a habit(habitual), iterative, continous(durative), succussfully completed once(perfective)
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it is important to distinguish what between tense and aspect
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the form and the sense or use
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Number can be indicated on what two parts of speech?
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nouns and verbs
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negation can be marked with what parts of speech?
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particle, adverbs, affixs or special negative ausiliary verbs
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Expressing the scope of negation means...
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changing the focus by using emphasis, stress, pitch
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your changing something by utilizing what three things
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What is the Jesperson Cycle?
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A pattern that shows negation strengthening through hisorical linguistics fron latin 'non dico' > old french 'jeo ne di' > mod. lit. french 'je ne dis pas' > mod. coll. french 'je dis pas'
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a pattern...
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What are negative polarity items?
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phrases that must occur in a negative context e.g. any- in english
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Speech act function like questions statement and commands have what?
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mood
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Name some different labels for moods
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indicative(statement), innterrogative, imperative, subjunctive(contingent rather than factual)
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location and direction can be indicated in what ways?
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prepositional and postpositional phrases, case, nouns e.g. on top of, or prefixs(creek) that specify the location(wall, a chair, enclosed space)
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What is voice?
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grammatical pattern in a language for shifting the point of view or perspective of a sentence from, for example, the subject to the direct object (active, passive, get passive, middle voice) also remember the 'open' and 'eat' patterns
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shift
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The passive voice is also known as...
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...middle voice.
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Indirect causitives?
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used for constructions where one entity causes another event to happen, and where the causee has some control over th outcome
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Applicatives?
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in english a benefactive is placed between the verb an direct object, affixes on the verb is often used
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impersonal passive
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used for constructions that demote the subject without promoting an object
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agreement is what?
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a phenomenon whereby the form of one word requires a corresponding form in another, helps distinguish the role of arguments in clauses
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What is an argument?
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a noun phrase (generally) that receives an interpretation (role) with regard to a verb. The verb hit is said to have two arguments (x=the hitter; y=the person hit). The verb give is said to have three arguments (x=giver; y=gift; z=recipient
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Explain the ergative case
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ergative is the case of transitive subjects
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Case can be idicating using what two things?
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affixes that attach to the heads of NPs or prefixes that introduce the NP
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Explain Causitives
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a verb form that indicates that a situation was caused to happen
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Define classifier
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a morpheme that classifies words into grammatical categories based on shape, function, etc. Typically a classifier is used with numerals, possessors, demonstratives, etc. In Japanese, for example, numeral classifiers ("counters") are needed to count nouns:
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Define genetive classifier
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(used when a noun is being possessed and classifying nouns based on shape, etc.).
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Define a clause
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a traditional term for a sentence-like unit that is embedded within another sentence. A relative clause is a clause that is interpreted as modifying a noun: the student that Mary saw last week. An adverbial clause is a clause that is interpreted as modifying another clause: After she left, I decided to go to sleep. A complement clause is a clause that functions as an argument: She said [that she was going to the party].
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Define grammatical relations
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such terms as subject, direct object, indirect object, etc. are examples of grammatical relations. Grammatical relations are grammatical categories of arguments that are useful in describing the grammar of a language. The concept subject, for example, is useful in English for describing the form of pronouns (he vs. him), verb agreement, word order, tag questions, etc. In some languages, the ergative argument (the transitive subject) is distingushed from the absolutive argument (the most affected argument: generally the direct object of a transitive verb or the subject of an intransitive verb). Grammatical relations are related to semantic roles (agent, patient, etc.), but are distinct from them: not all agents are subjects and not all subjects are agents.
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Define mood
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a grammatical pattern in a language for indicating the speech act function of a sentence. Common distinctions are indicative (a statement), interrogative (a question), imperative (a command), and hortative ('let's [do something]'). Some languages have a subjunctive mood (used to express uncertainty).
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define predicate
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1. a phrase in some languages consisting of the verb and its objects (i.e., the VP). 2. in some languages, the predicate is used for a part of speech that is broader than a verb (possibly including verbs, adjectives, and nouns that are used for statements about subjects).
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What are serial verbs
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a verb that combines with other verbs and is used grammatically to add a benefactive or an instrument, or to express direction or position, etc. In English, the verbs go and come can often be used this way: Come eat! Serial verbs are sometimes called co-verbs. They are often similar to auxiliary verbs.
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Remember that Papuan and Australian are not families they are...
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...groups
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It isn't Austro-Tai it is
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Austronesian
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Define Adverial clauses
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dependent clauses serving to modify a sentence
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