Language Of Medicine-Nervous System-Chapter 10

Front 1

cerebell/o

Back 1

cerebellum

Front 2

cerebr/o

Back 2

cerebrum

Front 3

dur/o

Back 3

dura mater

Front 4

encephal/o

Back 4

brain

Front 5

gli/o

Back 5

glial cells

Front 6

lept/o

Back 6

thin, slender

Front 7

mening/o

Back 7

membranes

Front 8

meningi/o

Back 8

meninges

Front 9

my/o

Back 9

muscle

Front 10

myel/o

Back 10

spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexts)

Front 11

neur/o

Back 11

nerve

Front 12

pont/o

Back 12

pons

Front 13

radicul/o

Back 13

nerve root (of spinal nerves)

Front 14

thalam/o

Back 14

thalamus

Front 15

thec/o

Back 15

sheath (refers to the meninges)

Front 16

vag/o

Back 16

vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)

Front 17

alges/o
-algesia

Back 17

excessive
sensitivity to pain

Front 18

-algia

Back 18

pain

Front 19

caus/o

Back 19

burning

Front 20

comat/o

Back 20

deep sleep

Front 21

esthesi/o

Back 21

feeling, nervous

Front 22

-ethesia

Back 22

sensation

Front 23

kines/o
kinesi/o
-kinesia
-kinesis
-kinectic

Back 23

movement

Front 24

-lepsy

Back 24

seizure

Front 25

lex/o

Back 25

word, phrase

Front 26

-parasis

Back 26

weakness

Front 27

-phasia

Back 27

speach

Front 28

-plegia

Back 28

paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)

Front 29

-praxia

Back 29

action

Front 30

-sthenia

Back 30

strength

Front 31

synocop/o

Back 31

to cut off, cut short

Front 32

tax/o

Back 32

order, coordination

Front 33

AD

Back 33

alzheimer disease

Front 34

AFP

Back 34

alpha-fetroprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with congenital malformations of the nervous system, such as anencephaly and spina bifida.

Front 35

ALS

Back 35

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-Lou Gehrig's Disease

Front 36

AVM

Back 36

arteriovenous malformation; congenital tangle of arteries and veins in the cerebrum

Front 37

CNS

Back 37

central nervous system

Front 38

CSF

Back 38

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 39

CT

Back 39

computed tomography

Front 40

CVA

Back 40

cerebrovasular accident

Front 41

EEG

Back 41

electroencephalography

Front 42

GABA

Back 42

gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)

Front 43

ICP

Back 43

intracranial pressure (normal pressure is 5 to 15 mm Hg)

Front 44

LP

Back 44

lumbar puncture

Front 45

MAC

Back 45

monitored anesthic care

Front 46

MG

Back 46

myasthenia gravis

Front 47

MRA

Back 47

magnetic resonance angiography

Front 48

MRI

Back 48

magnetic resonance imaging

Front 49

MS

Back 49

multiple sclerosis

Front 50

1/2P

Back 50

hemiparesis

Front 51

PET

Back 51

positron emission tomography

Front 52

PSRS

Back 52

proton stereotactic radiosurgery

Front 53

Sz

Back 53

seizure

Front 54

TBI

Back 54

traumatic brain injury

Front 55

TENS

Back 55

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; technique using a battery-powered device to relieve acute and chronic pain

Front 56

TIA

Back 56

transient ischemic attack; temporary interference with the blood supply to the brain.

Front 57

tPA

Back 57

tissue plasminogen activator; a clot dissolving drug used as therapy for strokes

Front 58

acetylcholine

Back 58

neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends (synapses) of nerve cells

Front 59

afferent nerves

Back 59

carry message toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerves)

Front 60

astrocyte

Back 60

a type of glial (neurologic) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

Front 61

autonomic nervous system

Back 61

nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs

Front 62

axon

Back 62

microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

Front 63

blood-brain barrier

Back 63

blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out.

Front 64

brainstem

Back 64

lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. The pons and medulla oblongata are part of the brainstem.

Front 65

cauda equina

Back 65

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

Front 66

cell body

Back 66

part of a nerve cell that contains nucleus

Front 67

CNS Central Nervous System

Back 67

Brain and the spinal cord

Front 68

cerebellum

Back 68

posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance

Front 69

cerebral cortex

Back 69

Outer region of the cerebrum; containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

Front 70

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 70

fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

Front 71

cerebrum

Back 71

largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

Front 72

cranial nerves

Back 72

twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain

Front 73

dendrite

Back 73

microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

Front 74

dura mater

Back 74

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord (Latin for hard mother)

Front 75

efferent nerves

Back 75

carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerves

Front 76

ependymal cell

Back 76

a glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid

Front 77

ganglion (plural: ganglia)

Back 77

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

Front 78

glial cell (neuroglial cell)

Back 78

cell in the nervous system that is supportive and connective in function Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes.

Front 79

gyrus (plural: gyri)

Back 79

sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebellum; convolution.

Front 80

hypothalamus

Back 80

portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.

Front 81

medulla oblongata

Back 81

part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here.

Front 82

meninges

Back 82

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Front 83

microglial cell

Back 83

phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system (CNS)

Front 84

motor nerves

Back 84

macroscopic cordlike collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses.

Front 85

myelin sheath

Back 85

White fatty tissue that surrounds, and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons

Front 86

nerve

Back 86

Macroscopic cordlike collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses.

Front 87

neuron

Back 87

nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body

Front 88

neurotransmitter

Back 88

chemical messenger, released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell.

Front 89

oligodendroglial cell

Back 89

Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Also called oligodendrocyte

Front 90

parasympathetic nerves

Back 90

Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.

Front 91

parenchyma

Back 91

essential, distinguishing tissue of the nervous system; includes the brain and spinal cord.

Front 92

peripheral nervous system

Back 92

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.

Front 93

pia mater

Back 93

Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

Front 94

plexus (plural: plexuses)

Back 94

large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial plexuses.

Front 95

pons

Back 95

part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain.

Front 96

receptor

Back 96

Organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on to nerves within the body. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors.

Front 97

sciatic nerve

Back 97

nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg and foot. Sciatica is pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve.

Front 98

sensory nerves

Back 98

carry messages to the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerves.

Front 99

spinal nerves

Back 99

thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. Each spinal nerve affects a particular area of the skin.

Front 100

stimulus

Back 100

agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.

Front 101

stroma

Back 101

connective and supporting tissue of an organ, Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain.

Front 102

sulcus (plural: sulci)

Back 102

Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure.

Front 103

sympathetic nerves

Back 103

autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress.

Front 104

synapse

Back 104

space through which a nervous impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another or from a neuron to another cell, such as a muscle or gland cell.

Front 105

thalamus

Back 105

main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to approriate centers in the cerebrum.

Front 106

vagus nerve

Back 106

Tenth cranial nerve; its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach.

Front 107

ventricles of the brain

Back 107

canals in the brain that contain crebrospinal fluid

Front 108

hydrocephalus

Back 108

abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain

Front 109

spina bifida

Back 109

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)

Front 110

Alzheimer disease (AD)

Back 110

Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia) with personality changes and impairment of daily functioning.

Front 111

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Back 111

degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem.

Front 112

epilepsy

Back 112

Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

Front 113

huntington disease

Back 113

hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration

Front 114

multiple sclerosis (MS)

Back 114

Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.

Front 115

myasthenia gravis (MG

Back 115

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness (-ashtenia) of voluntary muscles (attached to bones).

Front 116

palsy

Back 116

paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function).

Front 117

Parkinson disease

Back 117

Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement.

Front 118

tourette syndrome

Back 118

involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words.

Front 119

herpes zoster (shingles)

Back 119

viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.

Front 120

meningitits

Back 120

inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis

Front 121

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy

Back 121

brain disease and dementia occuring with aids

Front 122

brain tumor

Back 122

abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges.

Front 123

cerebral concussion

Back 123

temporary brain dysfunction after injury, usually clearing withing 24 hours

Front 124

cerebral contusion

Back 124

bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours

Front 125

cerebrovasular accident

Back 125

disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.

Front 126

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

Back 126

samples of CSF are examined

Front 127

cerebral angiography

Back 127

x-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel system in the brain after injection of contrast material.

Front 128

computed tomography CT of the brain

Back 128

x-ray technique that generates computerized cross-sectional images of the brain and spinal cord

Front 129

myelography

Back 129

x-ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space.

Front 130

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain

Back 130

Magnetic and radio waves create an image of the brain in all the three planes.

Front 131

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Back 131

computerized radiologic technique using radioactive glucose to image the metabolic activity of cells.

Front 132

doppler/ultrasound studies

Back 132

sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries.

Front 133

electroencephalography (EEG)

Back 133

recording of the electrical activity of the brain

Front 134

lumbar puncture (LP)

Back 134

CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae.

Front 135

stereotactic radiosurgery

Back 135

use of specialized instrument using three-dimensional coordinates to locate and treat targets in the brain.