Language Of Medicine

Front 1

acetylcholine

Back 1

Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of the nerve cells

Front 2

afferent nerve

Back 2

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve).

Afferent comes from af- (a form of ad-, meaning toward) and -ferent ( meaning carrying)

Front 3

arachnoid membrane

Back 3

Middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.

Front 4

astrocyte

Back 4

Type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

Front 5

autonomic nervose system

Back 5

Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs

Front 6

axon

Back 6

Microscopic finer that carries the nervous implies along a nerve cell

Front 7

blood brain barrier

Back 7

blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out

Front 8

brainstem

Back 8

lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata

Front 9

cauda equina

Back 9

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

Front 10

cell body

Back 10

Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

Front 11

Central nervous system (CNS)

Back 11

Brain and spinal cord

Front 12

cerebellum

Back 12

Posterior part of the brain that coordinates

muscle movements and maintains balance

Front 13

cerebral cortex

Back 13

Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

Front 14

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 14

Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

Front 15

cerebrum

Back 15

largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste,

hearing, thought and memory

Front 16

cranial nerves

Back 16

twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck ( except the vagus nerve)

Front 17

dendrite

Back 17

microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

Front 18

Hematomas

Back 18

are not tumors of blood, but are collections of blood

Front 19

dur/o

Back 19

dura mater:

the tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord

Front 20

encephal/o

Back 20

brain

Front 21

Cerebr/o

Back 21

largest part of brain;

Cortical means pertaining to the cortex or outer area of an organ, "cerebral cortex"

Front 22

an/encephal/ly

Back 22

congenital malformation; it is not compatible with life and may be detected with amniocentesis or ultrasonography of the fetus

Front 23

myel/o

Back 23

spinal cord

(means bone marrow in other contexts)

Front 24

pont/o

Back 24

pons: meaning bridge

Connection of nerves (to the eyes and face)

Front 25

-ine

Back 25

means pertaining to

Front 26

radicul/o

Back 26

nerve root (of spinal nerves)

Front 27

pyel/o

Back 27

renal pelvis of the kidney

Front 28

py/o

Back 28

pus

Front 29

thalam/o

Back 29

thalamus (gland)

-release station for sensory impulses; Control of awareness and consciousness

-hypothalamus body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions, control of the pituitary gland

Front 30

thec/o

Back 30

sheath (refers to the meninges)

Front 31

vag/o

Back 31

vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)

This cranial nerve has branches to the head and neck; as well as to the chest

Front 32

alges/o, -algesia

Back 32

excessive sensitivity to pain

example: an/algesia or hyp/algesia

Front 33

-algia

Back 33

pain

example: neur/algia

Front 34

caus/o

Back 34

burning

example: caus/algia

intense burning pain following injury to a

sensory nerve

Front 35

comat/o

Back 35

deep sleep (coma)

A coma is a state of unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be aroused.

Semicomatose refers to a stupor (unresponsiveness) from which a patient can be aroused

Front 36

esthesi/o, -esthesia

Back 36

feeling, nervous sensation

example: an/esthesia lack of normal sensation absence of sense of touch or pain

Front 37

kines/o, kinesi/o

-kinesia

-kinesis

-kinetic

Back 37

movement

brady- slow

hyper - fast, excessive

dys- involuntary

a - none

Front 38

-lepsy

Back 38

seizure

Front 39

lex/o

Back 39

word. phrase

Front 40

-paresis

Back 40

weakness

example: hemiparesis affects the right or left side of the body and results from a stroke or brain injury

Front 41

-phasia

Back 41

speech

example: aphasia is present when the patient knows what he or she wants to say but cannot say it.

Front 42

-plegia

Back 42

paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)

Front 43

-praxia

Back 43

action

example: apraxia moments and behaviour are not purposeful

Front 44

-sthenia

Back 44

strength

example: neuro/sthenia nervous exhaustion and fatigue, often falling depression

Front 45

syncop/o

Back 45

to cut off, cut short

fainting

Front 46

tax/o

Back 46

order, coordination

example: a/tax/ia

Persistent unsteadiness on the feet can be caused by a disorder involving the cerebellum

Front 47

Neurological disorders

Back 47

-congenital

-neoplastic (tumors)

-Degenerative, movement and seizure

-traumatic

-infectious (meningitis and encephalitis)

-vascular (stroke)

Front 48

hydrocephalus

Back 48

Abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain

(congenital disorders)

Front 49

spina bifida

Back 49

Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column causes by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)

Front 50

Alzheimer disease

Back 50

brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning

(degenerative disorder)

Front 51

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Back 51

degenerative disorder of motor neurone in the spinal cord and brainstem.

Symptoms are weakness and atrophy of muscles in the hands, forearms and legs; difficulty in swallowing and talking and dyspnea develop as the throat and respiratory muscles become

affected

Front 52

epilepsy

Back 52

Chronic brain disorder characterized by a recurrent seizure activity

Note: epilepsy is a brain disorder in which at least two or more seizures appear

spontaneously and recurrently. Having a single seizure does not mean that the affected person has epilepsy

Front 53

Huntington disease

Back 53

Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt

involuntary movements and mental

deterioration

Front 54

multiple sclerosis (MS)

Back 54

Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of

sclerotic (hard) tissue

Front 55

Demyelination

Back 55

loss of myelin insulation prevents the conduction of nerve impulses through the axon and causes parenthesis, muscle weakness, unsteady gait (manner of walking), and paralysis

Front 56

myasthenia gravis

Back 56

Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder

characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles

antibodies block the ability of (acetylcholine) neurotransmitter to transmit the nervous

impulses from nerve to muscle cell

Front 57

palsy

Back 57

Cerebral palsy is partial paralysis and las of muscular coordination cause by loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period

Bell palsy is paralysis on one side of the face. likely cause is a viral infection

Front 58

Parkinson Disease

Back 58

Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia,

occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of

movement.

Condition is caused by a deficiency of dopamine, a neurotransmitter made by cells in the basal ganglia

Front 59

Tourette Syndrome

Back 59

Involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; And inappropriate words verbal. Also called "tics"

Front 60

herpes zoster (shingles)

Back 60

Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.

Blisters and pain spread along peripheral nerves and are caused by inflammation due to a

herpesvirus, the same virus that causes chickenpox

Front 61

Meningitis

Back 61

Inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis

This condition can because by bacteria or

viruses. Signs and symptoms are fever and signs of meningeal irritation such as headache

photophobia and stiff neck. Lumbar punctures are performed to examine CSF

Front 62

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

encephalopathy

Back 62

brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS

Front 63

AD

Back 63

Alzheimer disease

Front 64

AFP

Back 64

alpha-fetoprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with congenital malformations of the nervous system, such as anencephaly and spina bifida

Front 65

ALS

Back 65

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-Lou Gehrig disease

Front 66

axon

Back 66

Microscopic fiber leading from the cell body that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

Front 67

Plexus

Back 67

Large, interlacing network of nerves

Front 68

Meninges

Back 68

Three protective membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Front 69

Dendrite

Back 69

Microscopic branching fiber of the nerve cell that is the first part to received the nervous impulse

Front 70

Cerebral cortex

Back 70

Outer region of the largest part of the brain; composed of gray matter

Front 71

Astrocyte

Back 71

Glial cells that transport water and salt between capillaries and nerve cells

Front 72

oligodendroglial cell

Back 72

Glial cells that produces myelin

Front 73

neuron

Back 73

A nerve cell that transmits a nerve impulse

Front 74

cauda equina

Back 74

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord at the level of the second lumbar

vertebra

Front 75

Myelin sheath

Back 75

Fatty tissue that surrounds the axon of a nerve cell

Front 76

Arachnoid membrane

Back 76

Middle meningeal surrounding brain and spinal cord

Front 77

hypothalamus

Back 77

part below the thalamus that controls sleep, appetite, body temperature and secretions from the pituitary gland

Front 78

Peripheral nervous system

Back 78

Nerves outside the central nervous system

Front 79

Synapse

Back 79

Space through which a nervous pulse is transmitted

Front 80

Sympathetic nerves

Back 80

Autonomic nerves that influence body functions in times of stress

Front 81

Medulla oblongata

Back 81

Nerve fibers cross over, left to right and right to left; contains centers to regulate heart, blood vessels and the respiratory system

Front 82

ganglion

Back 82

Collection a nerve cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord

Front 83

Brainstem

Back 83

Lower portion of the brain that connects cerebral and spinal cord

Front 84

Ventricles of the brain

Back 84

Canals in the interior of the brain filled with

cerebral spinal fluid

Front 85

Pia mater

Back 85

Innermost meningeal membrane

Front 86

Motor nerves

Back 86

Carry messages away from (efferent) of the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

Front 87

Sensory nerves

Back 87

Carry messages toward (afferent) the brain and spinal cord from receptors

Front 88

Sulci

Back 88

groves in the cerebral cortex

Front 89

Subarachnoid space

Back 89

Contain cerebrospinal fluid

Front 90

Gyri

Back 90

Elevations in the cerebral cortex

Front 91

Neurotransmitter

Back 91

Chemical that is released at the end of the nerve cell and stimulates or inhibits another cell

Front 92

Parenchymal cell

Back 92

Essential cells of the nervous system; A neuron

Front 93

Glia

Back 93

Connective and supportive (stromal) tissue

Front 94

encephalopathy

Back 94

Disease of the brain

Front 95

Epidural hematoma

Back 95

Collection of blood above the dura matter

Front 96

leptomeningitis

Back 96

Inflammation of the pia and arachnoid membranes

Front 97

anencephaly

Back 97

Condition of absence of a brain

Front 98

Poliomyelitis

Back 98

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord

Front 99

meningeal

Back 99

Pertaining to the membranes around the brain and spinal cord

Front 100

Radiculopathy

Back 100

Disease of nerve roots (of spinal nerves)

Front 101

myelomeningocele

Back 101

Hernia of the spinal cord and the meninges

Front 102

vagal

Back 102

Pertaining to the 10th cranial nerve

Front 103

Intrathecal

Back 103

Pertaining to within a sheath through the meninges into subarachnoid space

Front 104

Polyneuritis

Back 104

Inflammation of the many nerves

Front 105

thalamic

Back 105

Pertaining to the thalamus

Front 106

Myelogram

Back 106

X-ray of the spinal cord

Front 107

Meninginoma

Back 107

tumor of the meninges

Front 108

glioma

Back 108

tutor of the neurological cell (a brain tumor)

Front 109

subdural hematoma

Back 109

Mass of blood below the dura mater (outer most meningeal membrane)

Front 110

Dyslexia

Back 110

Reading disorder

Front 111

ataxia

Back 111

Condition of no coordination

Front 112

Bradykenesia

Back 112

Condition of slow movement

Front 113

Hyperesthesia

Back 113

Condition of increased sensation

Front 114

Narcolepsy

Back 114

Seizure of sleep; uncontrollable compulsion to sleep

Front 115

aphasia

Back 115

inability to speak

Front 116

Motor apraxia

Back 116

Inability to perform a task

Front 117

Hemiparesis

Back 117

Slight paralysis in the right or left half of the body

Front 118

Causalgia

Back 118

Burning pain

Front 119

Paraplegia

Back 119

Paralysis in the lower part of the body

Front 120

Syncope

Back 120

Fainting

Front 121

Neuroasthenia

Back 121

Nervous exhaustion lack of strength and fatigue