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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is it important to assess speech- motor development?
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to know whether slow speech development is related to deficits/delays in motor speech abilities.
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What difficulties might arise from testing speech-motor development in children 18-36 months?
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it requires imitation, which children at this level may be unwilling to do.
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What is one technique other than repetition that can be used to assess speech-motor development?
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a feeding assessment. Can be used to look for muscular weakness, paralysis, or dysarthric-like conditions that may interfere with speech development.
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What is CAS?
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Childhood Apraxia of Speech- includes inconsistent speech errors, reversing sounds in words, more errors as utterances become more complex and errors in stress production. According to Paul diagnosis shouldn't occur before age 3-4
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Why is it important for us to collect a speech sample for children in the emerging language stage?
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to get an idea of what words and sounds the child is producing
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What are two methods that can be used to collect a speech sample for children with emerging language?
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- audiorecording at home (several periods during the day)
- have parents keep a diary of childrens productions. |
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The development of ________ is specifically closely related to the development of words
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consonants
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How can we use the consonant inventory to help with intervention?
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1. consonants already in the inventory can be used to select words to be included in the first lexicon to be taught to the child.
2. The number of consonants present in the inventory can be an index of severity of phonological delay. |
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What is SSL?
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syllable structure level. To calculate you rate 20-50 vocalizations between a level of 1-3. We calculate this to determine whether a child is seriously limited in their phonological skills.
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When does syntactic intervention become appropriate?
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when the productive lexicon reaches 50 words.
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What aspects of productive language do we assess in the emerging language stage?
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speech-motor development, phonological skills, lexical production (vocab), semantic-syntactic production (what semantic relations expressed and in what frequency)
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What does Paul recommend regarding which children in emerging language should receive intervention?
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Children with delayed receptive language skills or children whose productive language skills are delayed AND have known developmental disorders or other risk factors
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What are the first two questions we should ask when assessing children in the emerging language stage?
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1. Are functional or symbolic play skills present?
2. Are nonverbal intentional communicative skills present? |
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What is a IFSP?
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Individual Family Service Plan, mandated by IDEA.
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What period is considered the emerging language stage?
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children whose developmental level is 18 to 36 months. Children are beginning to produce single words, combine 2 words, and use simple sentences.
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how many communicative acts do children at 18 months of age produce per minute? What is the purpose of these acts?
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2 communicative acts per minute, to request objects or actions, to establish joint attention, or to engage in social interaction
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at 24 months how many communicative acts do children produce per minute?
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5-7 acts per minute.
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When do most children combine two words?
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18 months
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what is the average vocabulary size at 18 months?
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about 110 words
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what is the average number of words in vocabulary at 30 months?
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546 words
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who should assess children younger than 3 years?
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a multidisciplinary or transdisciplinary team
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what is transdisciplinary/arena assessment?
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child interacts with just one adult who performs formal or informal assessment, other members of the team observe
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what are local homologies?
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specific relationships that occur at certain points in development, for example in the single-word period, there is a strong relationship between use of words as labels and the ability to demonstrate functional play
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what are two assessments used at the 18-36 months developmental level to assess play skills?
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Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales-Developmental Profile, Carpenter's Play Scale
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What are the two approaches to assessing communication?
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1. use formal assessment instruments like the MacArthur-Bates
2. use informal methods to examine communicative functioning in several domains independently- create linguistic profile |
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proto-imperatives- what are they? what do they include?
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preverbal attempts used to get the adult to do or not do something. Include requests for objeccts, actions and rejections or protests
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proto-declaratives
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preverbal attempts to get an adult to focus on an object or event by such acts as showing off or showing or pointing out objects, pictures, etc. Purpose of establishing social interaction or joint attention.
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When do proto-imperatives/declaratives appear in normally developing toddlers?
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between 8 and 18 months of age.
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discourse functions-what are they, what do they include, and when do they occur?
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refer to previous speech acts rather than objects or events in the world. Include requests for information and acknowledgements. Appear around 18-24 months.
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What are the three things we look for when assessing communication?
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range of communicative functions, frequency of expression of intentions, and forms of communication
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What is the progression in the forms of communication we can expect from 8-24 months of age?
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1. gestures predominant at 8-12 months
2. gestures are combined with word like vocalizations containing consonants at 12-18 months 3. conventional words/word combos used with increasing frequency at 18-24 months |
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what three things need to be present to qualify something as a communicative act? (communicative intent)
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1. directed, primarily by means of gaze, to adult
2. have hte effect or intended effect to influence adults behavior, focus of attention or state of knowledge. 3. must be persistent in conveying the message |
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how can we assess comprehension?
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see whether words are understood without nonlinguistic cues. test nouns, then verbs, then two term combos
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what method of intervention would using communication temptations be?
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a hybrid method
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What are a few techniques that can be used to develop intentional communicative behavior?
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1. milieu teaching
2. communication temptations 3. establish routines/scripts and violate them |
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With regard to phonological skills what goals can bwe have in the emerging language stage?
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We want to enlarge the consonant inventory and the range of syllable shapes the child can produce. Back and forth babbling games can be used.
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What words should we teach in developing a first lexicon?
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1. should be functional/fulfill a broad range of communicative purposes
2. encode ideas and interests the child already has 3. have simple CV, CVC shapes 4. match to childs consonant inventory 5. should be teachable |
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what are the two factors that impact the prognosis for children with ASD?
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1. performance on IQ tests
2. language ability |
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DTI
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discrete trial intervention. divide chosen skill into components and train each component individually, using highly structured, drill-like procedures, until the goal is successfully shaped.
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ABA
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Applied behavioral analysis. Use intensive, direct instructional methods that alter particular behaviors in measurable ways.
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SLI
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-specific language impairment
-lack of evidence of neurological/physical differences -children that retain significant deficits in language acquisition after age 4 |
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why is a language pathologist needed on the team that plans services for the at-risk infant?
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any infant at risk for a developmental disorder is at risk for language deficits in particular. SLP plays role in preventative form of intervention.
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approximately what percent of newborns are at risk for language impairment?
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12%
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how do do the infants communicative needs change in the last quarter of the 1st year?
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infants in the last quarter of their first year change from pre-intentional to intentional communicators, even before they use conventional language
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what is THE major question asked in assessing the prelinguistic child?
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-we want to assess if the child has made transition to intentionality- through play assessment- formal or informal
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what are techniques for eliciting higher levels of response in the prelinguistic period?
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- contingent use of language on actions (say up when lifting child)
- prelinguistic milieu teaching - time delay, verbal, gaze intersection - communication temptations -book reading |
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what ages do children have a IFSP?
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0-3, from 3-21 will have an IEP
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CARS
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childhood autism rating scale. diagnostic tool for autism. Rate on a scale of 1 to 4 in areas of social relations, communication, sensory functioning, emotional reactions and resistence to change
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TEACCH
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treatment and education of autistic and related communication-handicapped children.
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SCERTS
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social communication, emotional regulations, and transactional support
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what is meant by the "range" of communicative functions?
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dividing communication into proto-imperatives and proto-declaratives, and later discourse functions- including requests for information, acknowledgements, answers
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what is meant by the forms of communication?
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classifying as gesture, vocalization, word, etc.
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how do we measure general development?
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a psychologist or developmentalist can administer testing, SLP can administer a play assessment as a nonverbal index of cognitive development
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what are risk factors associated with communication disorders in infants?
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-prenatal factors like alcohol and drug consumption, environmental toxins, certain disesase like rubella
- prematurity -genetic/congenital disorders -hearing impairment |
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when is a baby considered premature?
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birth prior to 37 weeks gestation
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what is the relationship between SLI and learning disabilities?
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co-occurance estimates as high as 60%
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how is SLI manifested?
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- language is comparable to children with same MLU
- intralinguistic profile, however, may be varied across modalities - early vocab slow -fast mapping deficient - limited consonants - problems with grammatical morphemes -pragmatics usually better than language but may not be at age level -failure to spontaneously combine words at 18-24 months |
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why would we want to know the etiology of the problem?
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1. qualify child for services (public schools)
2. knowing the classification gives pointers to the areas we need to assess 3. we need to know these categories to be able to read clinical reports |
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why do we assess comprehension?
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it has a high prognostic value- having comprehension problems indicate a very serious problem
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why are two word utterances such a huge developmental milestone?
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can now talk about relations=abstract. Not just naming things. Understand the world around them.
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perfect tense
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have + past participle. Example: Have helped
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Passive tense
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be + past participle
Example: Were helped |
