Language Disorders

Front 1

Broca's area

Back 1

- located in third frontal convolution
- responsible for syntax, morphology, and phonology

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Wernicke's area

Back 2

responsible for semantics

Front 3

angular gyrus

Back 3

involved in recognition of visual symbols

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expansion

Back 4

responding to child's utterance with more sophisticated version

e.g. "Daddy bye-bye" to "Daddy is going bye-bye"

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extension

Back 5

responding with a comment that adds information to topic

e.g. "Daddy bye-bye" top "Daddy is going to the store for some milk"

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fill-in

Back 6

prompting a response from a child

e.g. "This is a..."

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natural reinforcement

Back 7

reinforcing child's speech efforts through naturally occurring events rather than artificially

Front 8

formal test

Back 8

structured, commercially available, standardized or norm-referenced used for placement
disadvantages: lack ecological validity (everyday context), lack of cultural sensitivity, restricted usefulness beyond identifying a problem

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informal test

Back 9

naturalistic, allows for flexibility and in-depth testing, used to plan intervention or monitor progress
(developmental scales, parent interviews, criterion-referenced tests, language sampling)

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standardized test vs. norm-referenced

Back 10

standardized: administered in a prescribed manner
n-r: compares on child's behavior with other children's behavior

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MLU

Back 11

number of words and inflected morphemes in a sentence

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verb negation

Back 12

negation + auxiliary

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holophrase

Back 13

- one word sentences
- meaning expressed through intonation
- must consist of true words, not PCFs/vocables

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adaptive motherese

Back 14

naturalistic type of therapy using motherese by using core vocabulary during an activity (e.g. baking cookies)

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specific language impairment (SLI)

Back 15

impairment in children not attributed to deficit in hearing, oral structure and function, or general intelligence

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summative evaluation

Back 16

- takes place after intervention has been implemented
- documents that services have been provided and goals have been achieved

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formative evaluation

Back 17

- undertaken before and during intervention
- finds out whether planned intervention efforts are effective

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precursors to linguistic content

Back 18

- 4-8 months: differentiated actions with objects (e.g. crumpling and tearing paper)
- 8-9 months: dropping/throwing things intentionally
- 9-12 months: means end skills: ability to solve problems mentally (prerequisite for cause and effect)
- 11-24 months: causality: understanding that one's behavior can affect and be affected by other people and objects in the environment
- 12-16 months: showing objects to others
- 18 months: symbolic play (e.g. using a shoe as a car)

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perlocutionary period

Back 19

- from birth to 6-7 months
- infant communicates needs through cries and facial expression
- communication is not done with intention or conscious thought

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illocutionary period

Back 20

- from 6-7 months to 11-12 months
- child communicates through gestures and vocalizations that are meaningful and precede first true words

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locutionary period

Back 21

- from 11-12 months onward
- child uses words to communicate

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nine bound inflectives

Back 22

1. -ing [at 28 months]
2. plural (-s, -es) [before 3 years]
3. possessive (-'s) [before 3.5 years]
4. past tense (-ed) [after 3.5 years]
5. 3rd person singular [after 3.5 years]
6. contraction of aux. in 3rd person [at 4 years]
7. contraction of copula in 3rd person
8. comparative (-er)
9. superlative (-est)

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inflected morphemes

Back 23

- can only be suffixes
- include plurality and possessive endings
- does not change grammatical class of a word
- all inflections are grammatical morphemes

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derived morphemes

Back 24

- can be either a prefix or a suffix
- change the grammatical class of a word
- include adverb endings

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free morphemes

Back 25

morphemes that can stand alone (e.g. compound words)

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bound morphemes

Back 26

morphemes that cannot stand alone (e.g. suffixes and prefixes)
can be inflected or derived

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grammatical morphemes

Back 27

includes both inflected morphemes and some function words (a, an, the, in, on)

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under extension

Back 28

overly restricted meanings for words (e.g. "dog" only refers to the child's dog)

Front 29

over extension

Back 29

overly broad meaning (e.g. calling all men "daddy")

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non-linguistic cues

Back 30

gestures, body posture, eye contact, etc.

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semantic-syntactic rules

Back 31

- based on case grammar
- semantic: word combination is based on meaning
- syntactic: words are sequenced
- determines organization of 2, 3 and 4 word utterances

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token test

Back 32

- developed by DeRinzi and Vignolo
- tests language comprehension
- apraxics perform well, Broca's aphasics perform poorly

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preclusions to token test

Back 33

- color blindness
- limb apraxia

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ELI

Back 34

- developed by MacDonald
- determines client's early language rules and lengths of utterance via imitation, conversation and play
- expands language and teaches rules

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milieu teaching

Back 35

- elicit child communication
- provide language models
- use during naturally occurring routines

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cognitive referencing

Back 36

compares a student's language performance to their cognitive performance

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autism spectrum

Back 37

- impairments in social interaction, nonverbal and verbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior
- autism, Rett's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, Asperger's syndrome, pervasive developmental syndrome (PDD)

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cause of autism

Back 38

- neurological disorder probably caused by biological defects
- high serotonin levels, abnormalities in cerebellum, and cerebral cortex

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MacDonald's eight rules

Back 39

- agent + action
- action + object
- agent + object (uncommon)
- x + locative
- negation + x
- modifier + head
- introducer + x
- x + dative (most uncommon)

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varieties of negation + x

Back 40

- non-existence (no milk: there is no milk)
- rejection (no milk: I don't want milk)
- denial ( no milk: this is not milk)

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varieties of introducer + head

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- nomination (that Daddy: that is Daddy)
- notice (there Daddy: there is Daddy)

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varieties of modifier + head

Back 42

- recurrence (more cookie)
- possession (my cookie)
- attribution (big cookie)