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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is semantic development?
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The process of learning to relate to their referents and understanding words in an adult like fashion
During development children keep changing strategies for learning word meanings. |
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How can we possibly know this many words?
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When we learn words we store them in categories and scripts. Mental lexicon.
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When do protowords appear?
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Protowords appear between 8-14 months
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When do first words appear?
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First words appear between 10-16 months ( context bound)
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What does the mental lexicon include?
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Phonological information
Grammatical information about the word Definitions of word meanings |
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What are some different strategies for storing information about words?
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Experiential. Happy
Category-formation. Visual. Mt. Baker Sound-based. Vroom |
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The relationship between a word and its referents is usually .....
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Symbolic
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What are some theories on how to characterize children's categorical concept acquisition?
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Prototype theory assumes children acquire core concepts of a category, and only then do they match instants of these core concepts
Semantic feature theory suggests that children form categories based on essential features |
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Why can't learning theory explain the process of word acquisition?
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Learning theory: children learn meaning of words through associative learning. This is a highly simplistic view of this process. The learning curve is exponential, the rate of learning is constantly changing.
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What are some of the principles and strategies referring to the acquisition of word knowledge?
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Words refer to objects
Words refer to whole objects The mutual exclusivity principle |
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Mutual exclusivity principle
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Objects only have one label
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Fast mapping
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Refers to children's early ability to map words to referents after very few exposures
As early as 15 and 20 months |
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What do we know about early words?
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By their second year, children are using words to understand and communicate beginning with words that are related to what is important to them
Children's first words everywhere are very similar, despite differences in environment and upbringing A child's first 50 words come from all grammatical classes |
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What comprises 40% of the first 50 words?
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Common nouns
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Verbs, adjectives, and function words each account for less than ....
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10% of the first 50 words
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Children at the 50 word level may actually use only a limited set of words ver frequently, these are called ...
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A core group
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Overextension
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Including objects from a class to which they do not belong, but with which they share common features under the same label.
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What are some of the strategies for word formation?
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Children as young as preschoolers know to invent words using rules of word formation in English
The seem to have adopted certain strategies for word formation such as: Simplicity- to pillow Transparency- plant man Productivity- bicycler |
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What can we learn from the application of the PHT paradigm to vocabulary knowledge?
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Children may use different strategies for comprehension and production
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How does adult speech affect semantic development?
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Adults and caregivers tailor their speech to the child's level
The input language is clearer and slower Exaggerated intonation and pauses Varying amount of speech directed towards them, children exposed to larger amounts of adult input develop deeper, richer vocabularies |
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Vocabulary knowledge
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Breadth: number of words
Depth: knowledge of words Word families: base word + inflection and derivations |
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Semantic networks
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Semantic networks keep changing throughout life
Children change their word associations with age Younger children categorize words differently The shift from a stigmatic to a pragmatic word association around age 7 |
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What a happens between 50 words at about 20 months and 5000 words at around 4 years?
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The vocabulary spurt
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What contributes to a vocabulary spurt?
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CDS, discussion about things in from of them
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Mental advances
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Piaget: child can start labeling when in the representational phase ( divorced from the here and now)
Categorizing: toddlers seem to have a vocabulary spurt when they are capable of categorizing |
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When does the oral cavity forms in an adult like fashion?
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Around 8 years
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What's so special about two word sentences and why is it differ than one word utterances?
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Combining words gives babies enormous expressive powers
When we look at the underlying meaning we can give a rich interpretation to what the toddler is saying, and the underlying meaning |
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Two word sentences are missing what?
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Grammatical markings like -ing, -ed, articles, prepositions, and pronouns
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What enables the baby to use two word sentences?
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1. They need a vocabulary of about 50 words.
2. Growing complexity of the babies thinking. |
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What do words need to be shaped by to have a true meaning?
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Grammar
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What do toddlers need to be able to do to understand what is being spoken.
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Find words, phrases, and clauses in the language
Realize that the words refer to events around them Recognize that different arrangements of the units in sentences change the meaning of the sentence |
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Realizing that words refer to events happening around them
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The words in. Sentence R than the sum of its parts
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What progress do children make between 24 and 36 months in grammar?
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Between 24 and 36 months children make dramatic progress in grammatical development: from two word utterances they move on to function words (prepositions)
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Order of acquisition of some of the grammatical morphemes?
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-ing
On, in Plural -s -Ed Possessive -s Articles Contractions |
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What do mistakes like " I goed to grandma" illustrate?
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Mistakes like this illustrate the use and understanding of the rules of grammar
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Pragmatics
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Knowing language is knowing when, where, and to whom to say it.
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Children will formulate their requests differently when talking to peers versus adults at what age?
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A early as two
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What is a conversation?
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Conversations are a cooperative effort between at least two people who together create an active dialogue.
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The cooperative effort can be broken into four principles:
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Relevance: stay on topic, responsive to content
Quantity: don't say too much or too little Quality: be accurate and truthful, acknowledgement Manner: being clear and unambiguous, sensitivity/tentativeness |
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Narratives
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Until children are into the third year of their life, they talk mostly about the here and now
Soon after that they start talking about events in the past and events into the future, they become story tellers! Narratives are a series of sentences that present an orderly and interconnected sequence of events |
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What is communicative competence?
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Communicative competence involves learning how to make language work in interactions with others.
Pragmatics |
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Four domains of communicative competence
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Nonegocentric
Requests Conversation skills Language varieties |
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Referential communication
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The ability to describe an item so that a listener can identify it, is a capacity that young children demonstrate
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When do preschoolers respond appropriately to hinted requests
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At three or four
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When they refuse to carry our requests preschoolers are demonstrating what?
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Their understanding of indirect requests
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By elementary school, children are capable of using their requests to comment on and manipulate what?
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Social relationships
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What are the different types of conversational skills?
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Taking turns
Maintaining topic Giving and receiving feedback All develop through the preschool years |
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Indicators of topic maintenance
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Cohesive devices, pronouns, abbreviations of larger clauses
Ellipses, things that can be deleted that you can replace with other things |
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Why do you think it is difficult to acquire communicative competence?
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It's situational, constantly changing
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What cognitive abilities underlie the learning of communicative competence?
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Children need a repertoire of terms and routines as well as Language varieties
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Deixes
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Demonstrative, I or you, relational
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