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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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performance
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- use of the rules of language, including production (expression) and comprehension (reception)
- can be measured |
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competence
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- knowledge of the rules of a language
- cannot be measured directly |
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perlocutionary period
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- from birth to 6-7 months
- infant communicates needs through cries and facial expression - communication is not done with intention or conscious thought |
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case grammar
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- founded by Fillmore
- theory of language that emphasizes the semantics roles of nouns and verbs in grammar over the syntax |
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syntax
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study of word order
(e.g. declarative, interrogative, negative, passive) |
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pragmatics
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social use of language
(e.g. volume) |
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progressive assimilation
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/dadi/ instead of /dagi/
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regressive assimilation
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/gagi/ instead of /dagi/
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allomorph
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- grammatical/inflected morpheme
- morphological inflection - is both a phoneme and a morpheme - formed by morpho-phonemic rules |
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SADA
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simple, active, declarative, affirmative
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interactionist/sociolinguistic theory
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- founded by Brown, Bloom and Bruner
- median between behaviorism and nativism - holds that there is some biological predisposition to learn language, but more than exposure is required - language development requires a specific type of interaction with an adult model - LAD said to be "up in the air" between mother and child |
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phonological deletion
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brush/bush
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Broca's area
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- located in 3rd frontal convolution
- responsible for syntax, morphology (inflections), and phonology |
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Wernicke's area
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responsible for semantics
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competence
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- knowledge of the rules of a language
- cannot be measured directly |
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Creole
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complete languages developed from Pidgin
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Pidgin
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- simplified, limited purpose language,
- a language of commerce |
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precursors to linguistic content
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- 4-8 months: differentiated actions with objects (e.g. crumpling and tearing paper)
- 8-9 months: dropping/throwing things intentionally - 9-12 months: means end skills: ability to solve problems mentally (prerequisite for cause and effect) - 11-24 months: causality: understanding that one's behavior can affect and be affected by other people and objects in the environment - 12-16 months: showing objects to others - 18 months: symbolic play (e.g. using a shoe as a car) |
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mother/child dialog begins around 3 months according to whom
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Bruner
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phonology
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study of a sound system of language
(e.g. final deletion, minimal pairs) |
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morphology
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study of word formation
(e.g. free morphemes, inflected morphemes, derived morphemes) |
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allophones
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variation of pronunciation of a phoneme (finite)
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free morphemes
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morphemes that can stand alone (e.g. compound words)
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bound morphemes
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morphemes that cannot stand alone (e.g. suffixes and prefixes)
can be inflected or derived |
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inflected morphemes
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- can only be suffixes
- include plurality and possessive endings - does not change grammatical class of a word - all inflections are grammatical morphemes |
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derived morphemes
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- can be either a prefix or a suffix
- change the grammatical class of a word - include adverb endings |
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grammatical morphemes
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- includes both inflected morphemes and some function words (a, an, the, in, on)
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LAD is up in the air between mother and child according to whom
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Bruner
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morpheme
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smallest unit of meaning in any language
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phonetic vs. phonemic
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- phonetic differences are non-functional (do not affect meaning)
- phonemic differences are functional (affect meaning) |
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where unreleased sounds occur
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medial and final positions
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phonetics
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describes movements of articulation
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phonotactics
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study of syllable structure
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phone
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variation of pronunciation of an allophone (infinte)
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content, form and use
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content: semantics
form: syntax and morphology use: pragmatics |
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MLU
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- number of words and inflected morphemes in a sentence
- often consistent with age up until 5 years |
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auxiliary
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- helping verb
- primary auxiliaries form tenses (to be, to have, to do) - secondary auxiliaries (aka modals) express mood (can, may, might, will, must) - uncontracted form learned at 4+ |
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interrogative reversal
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- yes/no questions in which the subject and verb are reversed (is she nice? => she is nice)
- first syntactic rule for questions |
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vocabulary at 18 months
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- consists over about 50 words
- about 60% are noun-like - about 20% are verb-like (none are true verbs) - about 10% are adjectives - about 10% are social words |
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early stages of question development
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- pre-linguistic stage: facial expressions, gestures
- one word stage: rising intonation pattern (mommy?) - two word stage: rising intonation and wh- question introducer (where mommy?) - three/four word stages: rising intonation and semantic grammatical rules (where mommy go?) |
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Black English phonological rule
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if there is a consonant cluster at the end of a word in which phonemes are either both voiced or unvoiced, the last phoneme is omitted
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Black English morphological rule
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3rd person singular of regular tense verbs may not be marked in BE, whereas it is always marked in standard dialect
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person associated with neurological maturation
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Lenneberg
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cases
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- agentive (active noun)
- dative (receiving noun) - objective (inactive noun) - locative (place, location or orientation) |
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transition to one word stage
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- starts with variegated babbling
- has intonation of adult speech - consistent and meaningful use of PCFs |
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one word stage
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aka holophrasic stage
- from 11 - 12 months until 18 months - formed after use of daily verbal rituals, motherese, and parent's encouragement - has elements of phonology, morphology, semantics and pragmatics, lacks syntax |
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transition to two word stage
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- use of empty forms (non-meaningful utterances) in conjunction with true words
- duplication of single word utterances (mama mama) - successive single-word utterances (intonational and stress pattern of two separate utterances, but relate in a meaningful way) |
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two word stage
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- begins when two meaningful words are used together with appropriate intonation and without pausing
- word order is not fixed, meaning dictates sequence |
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transition to three word stage
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- attributed to Roger Brown
- combining/expanding |
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variations of -ing
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- present progressives (verbs: He is walking.)
- participles (adjectives: He has a walking cane.) - gerunds (nouns: Walking is fun.) |
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semantic-syntactic rules
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- based on case grammar
- semantic: word combination is based on meaning - syntactic: words are sequenced - determines organization of 2, 3 and 4 word utterances |
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development of verb negation
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- prelinguistically (10-14 mos): gestural, head shake
- one word stage: "no" or "don't" - two word stage: negation + x (no run) - three/four word stage: negation + x + another grammatical/syntactic rule (3 ws: not Bobby running, 4 ws: Bobby not running) - acquired after auxiliary is developed (Bobby is not running) |
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extension
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when a parent goes beyond expansion of a child's utterance
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two-term relations
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semantic-syntactic rules
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MacDonald's 8 rules
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- agent + action
- action + object - agent + object (uncommon) - x + locative - negation + x - modifier + head - introducer + x - x + dative (most uncommon) |
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varieties of negation + x
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- non-existence (no milk: there is no milk)
- rejection (no milk: I don't want milk) - denial ( no milk: this is not milk) |
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varieties of introducer + x
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- nomination (that Daddy: that is Daddy)
- notice (there Daddy: there is Daddy) |
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varieties of modifier + head
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- recurrence (more cookie)
- possession (my cookie) - attribution (big cookie) |
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copula
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- "to be" used as a main verb
- uncontracted form learned right after possession, at 3+ years - contacted form learned after uncontracted auxiliary at 4+ years |
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transitive vs. intransitive verbs
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- transitive: action that directly affects an object (e.g. give, hit, throw)
- intransitive: action that does not directly affect anything (e.g. smile) |
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behaviorism
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- founded by Watson and Skinner
- holds that language is learned through imitation and need - uses behavior modification to explain how language develops through trial and error and selective reinforcement - denies specific language centers in brain |
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nativism
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- founded by Chomsky
- holds that humans are biologically wired to acquire language (LAD) |
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substantive words
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- refers to particular objects or class of objects
- usually nouns - divided into agent/object/location/dative at two word stage |
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relational words
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- refer to relationship between words
- consists of grammatical words (e.g. in and on), action words and modifiers |
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attribution relational words
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- mark attributes, characteristics and differences of similar objects
- rare in early utterances |
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illocutionary period
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- from 6-7 months to 11-12 months
- child communicates through gestures and vocalizations that are meaningful and precede first true words |
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locutionary period
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- from 11-12 months onward
- child uses words to communicate |
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phonemes
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- the speech sounds of a language
- not meaningful alone - smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning |
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simplification processes
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- deletion
- assimilation - substitution |
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nine bound inflectives
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1. -ing [at 28 months]
2. plural (-s, -es) [before 3 years] 3. possessive (-'s) [before 3.5 years] 4. past tense (-ed) [after 3.5 years] 5. 3rd person singular [after 3.5 years] 6. contraction of aux. in 3rd person [at 4 years] 7. contraction of copula in 3rd person 8. comparative (-er) 9. superlative (-est) |
