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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dictionary |
Dr Johnson published is dictionary in 1755, was popular and rejected French influences |
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1750-1950 |
Industrial revolution British empire Codification |
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1950-present |
Empire dismantled, new English strains English is language of technological revolution Information age |
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Prescriptivism |
Higher value and status to a form of the language, seeking a correct way to use language |
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Descriptivism |
Embraces the evolution of language and allows for the social and cultural influences |
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Milroy + Milroy |
Standardization is idea of mind |
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Trudgill, Crystal, Fairclough |
Standard English is assertion of social power, with language altering along with the power |
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Haugen |
1. Selection of the language to be standard 2. Codification of the language 3. Expansion of the language to be widely used 4. Standard is imposed, others removed or ascribed low prestige |
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Polysemy |
Many meanings to a word |
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Backformation |
Shortening of a word to form a new one |
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Affixation |
Addition of morphemes to a word |
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Conversion |
Creation of word from existing one |
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Compound |
Linking of two words into one |
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Blend/portmanteau |
Two words merging to form one |
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Science journals |
~1700 were being written in English, needed new neologisms |
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Science voice |
Passive voice gives more subjective view |
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Harris |
After changing since Old English, irregular verbs were simplified, but recent reversal in standard English |
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Trudgill |
Language change influenced by low status dialects |
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Labov |
Change originates unconsciously from low social groups and consciously from socially powerful groups |
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Cheshire + Milroy |
Non-standard forms undergo different processes to be more regular |
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Lily |
Made a grammar of latin, used in schools for several centuries from 1523 |
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Webster |
Produced new American dictionary, being more phonetic and removing excess letters |
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Swift |
Attempted to set up language academy |
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Amelioration |
Gaining of status in a word |
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Pejoration |
Lowering in status of a word |
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Weakening |
Looses strength of original word |
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Narrowing |
Word becomes more specific in meaning |
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Broadening |
Word retains original meaning and gains others |
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Herring |
Users shape media according to its constraints and affordances |
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Printing press |
Caxton, 15th century Miscommunication between language and dialects created change Letters omitted for uniformity or added if paid by letter |
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Crystal (2) |
Identified 257 commonly used expressions from the King James bible People in future will have two dialects, regional and international |
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Direct levelling |
Merging of different dialects to form one uniform one |
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Morphological derivation |
Creating a new word from an old word or affix |
