Language And Thought

Front 1

Language

Back 1

the complex structure of human language, refer meaning

Front 2

Phoneme

Back 2

smallest unit of sound

Front 3

Phonological rules

Back 3

rules for combinations of phonemes to produce speech sounds

Front 4

Morpheme

Back 4

smallest unit of meaning

Front 5

Morphological rules

Back 5

how morphemes can become words

Front 6

Grammar

Back 6

rules for meaning
;how we can put words together and make sentence

Front 7

Syntactical rules

Back 7

how words form phrases

Front 8

Deep structure

Back 8

meaning of a sentence

Front 9

Surface structure

Back 9

wording/ how a sentence is worded

Front 10

Fast mapping

Back 10

the fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

Front 11

Telegraphic speech

Back 11

speech that is devoid of functions morphemes and consists mostly of content words

Front 12

Behaviorist explanations

Back 12

the explanations that human learn to talk through reinforcement shaping and extinction (principle of operant conditiongs)

Front 13

Nativist theory

Back 13

the view that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity

Front 14

Language acquisition device
(LAD)

Back 14

a collection of processes that facilitate language learning

Front 15

Genetic dysphasia

Back 15

a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite otherwise normal intelligence

Front 16

Broca's are

Back 16

brain area involved in language production

Front 17

Wernicke's area

Back 17

brain area involved in language comprehension

Front 18

Aphasia

Back 18

difficulty in producing or comprehending language

Front 19

Washoe (chimpanzee)

Back 19

successful case that other species learn human language
-learned 160 words
-could construct simple sentences
-novel constructions
-can learn signs for concepts they understand

Front 20

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Back 20

the proposal that language shapes the nature of thought

Front 21

Concept

Back 21

fundamental to our ability to think
;mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli

Front 22

Category-specificdeficits

Back 22

a neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognaize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed

Front 23

difficulty identifying humans

Back 23

happens by damage to front part of left temporal lobe

Front 24

trouble identifying animals

Back 24

happens by damage to lower left temporal lobe

Front 25

trouble naming tools

Back 25

happen by damage to temporal and occipital lobes meet

Front 26

Family resemblance theory

Back 26

members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member

Front 27

Prototype theory

Back 27

category members that have features in commom with other members are reated as more typical of the category than are members that share few comon features

Front 28

Exemplar theory

Back 28

a theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with tored memories for other instances of the category

Front 29

Inductive reasoning

Back 29

way of reasoning by using individual observation to lead conclusion or general claim

Front 30

Deductive reasoning

Back 30

way of reasoning by starting with general claim to individual conclusion

Front 31

Syllogistic reasoning

Back 31

determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true

Front 32

Practical reasoning

Back 32

figuring out what to do, one reasoning directed toward action

Front 33

Theoretical reasoning

Back 33

reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief

Front 34

Belief bias

Back 34

people's judgments about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how belivable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid

Front 35

Heuristic

Back 35

a fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached
;rule of thumb

Front 36

Algorithm

Back 36

a well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that gurantees a solution

Front 37

Representativeness heuritstic

Back 37

a mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event

Front 38

Availability heuristic

Back 38

decisions based on examples that are availabe to you, rather than pure statistical evidence

Front 39

Anchoring

Back 39

something is worth close to what someone else estimates it to be (compare with similar objects)

Front 40

Framing effects

Back 40

way of describing objects
;when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased

Front 41

Loss aversion

Back 41

generally we behave in ways to minimize loss

Front 42

Utility

Back 42

what is worth to you

Front 43

Raational choice theory

Back 43

the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two

Front 44

Conjunction fallacy

Back 44

when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event

Front 45

Sunk-cost fallacy

Back 45

a framing effect in whih people make decisions about a urrent situation based on what they have preciously invested in the situation

Front 46

Prospect Theory

Back 46

proposes that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

Front 47

Risk averse

Back 47

high probability of gains/low probability of losses

Front 48

Risk seeking

Back 48

low probability of gains/high probability of losses

Front 49

Game theory

Back 49

analyze two different options
;how do you make decisions when others are also deciding on the same events?

Front 50

Payoff matrix

Back 50

if I make a decision A, what will the others do, and what will the result be
利得行列

Front 51

Prisoner's dilemma

Back 51

rational decision is the worst outcom

Front 52

Frequency format hypothesis

Back 52

the proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur

Front 53

Means-end analysis

Back 53

a process of searching for the means or steps to reduce differences between the current situation and the desired goal

Front 54

Analogical problem solving

Back 54

solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem

Front 55

Functional fixedness

Back 55

the tendency to perceive the functions of objects ad fixes