Language And Intelligence

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concept

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a mental grouping of similar things

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prototype

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a mental image or best example of a category

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algorithm

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a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

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heuristic

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a simple thinking strategy; faster but more error-prone than algorithms

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insight

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a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

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confirmation bias

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tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

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fixation

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the inability to see a problem from a new perspective

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mental set

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the tendency to approach a problem a certain way, the way that has been successful in the past

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functional fixedness

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thinking of things only in terms of their usual functions

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representative heuristic

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judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes

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availability heuristic

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estimating the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory

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overconfidence

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overestimating the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments

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framing

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the way an issue is posed

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belief bias

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tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning

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belief perseverance

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clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

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phoneme

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the smallest distinctive sound unit

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morpheme

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the smallest unit that carries meaning

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grammar

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a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

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semantics

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the set of rules by which we derive meaning from the morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; the study of meaning

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syntax

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rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

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babbling stage

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stage of speech development where infant utters various sounds at first unrelated to household language

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telegraphic speech

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early speech stage where child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs (age 2)

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Noam Chomsky

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American linguist, founder of generative grammar, supported the “nature” side of how we learn language

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Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis

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different languages impose different perceptions of reality; language determines the way that we think

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factor analysis

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a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test

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general intelligence

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a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman underlies specific mental abilities an is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

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savant syndrome

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a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

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emotional intelligence

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ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

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Standford-Binet test

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widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test; extended to include adults

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Lewis Terman

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Revised Binet’s intelligence test and called it Stanford-Binet

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intelligence quotient

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the ratio of mental age to chronological age times 100

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Weschsler adult intelligence scale

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the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests

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aptitude test

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a test designed to predict a person’s future performance

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achievement test

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a test designed to assess what a person has learned

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standardization

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defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pre-tested standardization group

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normal curve

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symmetrical bell-shaped curve, with most scores falling near average

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reliability

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extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves on the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

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validity

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extent to which a test measures or predicts what it’s supposed to

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content validity

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extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

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criterion-based validity

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measure used in defining whether a test has predictive validity

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predictive validity

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the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

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mental retardation

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condition of limited mental ability, indicated by intelligence score of 70 or lower

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Down syndrome

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a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup