Language

Front 1

Nature of language

Back 1

1. Words are only symbols

2. Meaning are in people, not words

3. Dynamic

4. Words have many types of meanings

Front 2

Attributes of effective oral language

Back 2

1. Clear (correctness, accuracy, simple, understandable)

2. Direct and conversational

3. Appropriate to (audience, occasion, speech purpose and speaker's personality)

4. Vivid

Front 3

Hughes's definition of language

Back 3

system of arbitrary symbols by which thought is conveyed from one human being to another

Front 4

DeVito's definitiona of language

Back 4

code, the system of symbols, utilized in the construction of verbal messages

Front 5

Symbols which represent and substitute for objects, concepts, feelings, emotions, etc.

Back 5

Words

Front 6

Triangle of meaning in Ogden and Richard's The Meaning of Meaning

Back 6

Broken lines connect the word or symbol and the referent or thing itself.

This indicates that there is no direct relationship between the two, and it is only created in the mind of the user

Front 7

Substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive word for one that may offend

Back 7

euphemism

Front 8

Language is dynamic; it is a function of

Back 8

1. time

2. culture

Front 9

Five general types of meanings

Back 9

1. denotation

2. connotation

3. structural meaning

4. contextual meaning

5. sound meaning

Front 10

objective, precise, literal meaning or a word

Back 10

denotation

Front 11

meanings that are more subjective, figurative, and variable

Back 11

Connotation

Front 12

American senator who defined snarl-words and purr-words (same denotation with different connotations)

Back 12

S.I. Hayakawa, in Language in Thought and Action

Front 13

Words that carry with them a strong effect on the reactions of the audience

Back 13

Loaded words

Front 14

Tells us that th meaning of a sentence is adetermined not by the words alone but also by the total arrangement or sequence of words

Back 14

structural meaning

Front 15

are the words with which a term is surrounded (contextual meaning)

Back 15

Linguistic factors

Front 16

include: the situation in which the term is used, the facial expression and gestures (contextual meaning)

Back 16

Non-linguistic factors

Front 17

Meaning derived from the way the word or words are spoken

Back 17

Sound meaning

Front 18

Covers grammar and syntax (attributes of effective oral language)

Back 18

Correctness

Front 19

Involves choosing words that precisely depict your meaning (attributes of effective oral language)

Back 19

Accuracy

Front 20

Words that refer to general concepts, qualities, or attributtes

Back 20

Abstract words

Front 21

Words that refer to tangible objects

Back 21

Concrete words

Front 22

Suggestions to achieve simplicity of language style

Back 22

1. Avoid verbosity or wordiness

2. Use short and simple sentence construction

3. Avoid tautology and redundancy

4. Avoid hackneyed phrases or trite expressions

Front 23

Technical language of a professional class

Back 23

Jargon

Front 24

Sublanguage approprate in contexts of extreme informality

Back 24

Slang

Front 25

Seven types of imagery to achieve vividness; Victor Ketcham: "Seven Doors to the Mind"

Back 25

1. visual

2. auditory

3. gustatory

4. olfactory

5. tactual

6. kinesthetic

7. organic

Front 26

System of symbols human beings utilize in the construction of verbal messages

Back 26

Language