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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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phonology |
the basic sounds of language can be combined to produce words and sentences (also called phonemes) |
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Morpheme |
smallest language unit that has meaning (can be words or sounds like -ed indicating past tense) |
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Semantics |
rules that govern that meaning of words and sentences |
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Comprenension |
involves understanding of speech (generally precedes production infancy comprehension expands at an average of about 22 words per month) |
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production |
has to do with using language to communicate (production lags at 9 words per month once a child production builds up they don't nearly comprehension as much) |
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Prelinguistic Communication |
making speech like but meaningless sounds 1-2 mo. to 1 year. (is universal; infants produce all sounds needed for every language) (initial babbling not connected to any language but by 6 mo. babbling varies based on language exposure) |
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First Words |
generally occur ground 10-14 mo. But may be as early as 9 mo. - once an infant begins to produce words vocal increase fairly rapidly -one word stage ends about 18 mo. and another burst of vocabulary words -usually about objects and things, and holophases |
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Holophrases |
they represent a whole phase whose meaning depends on context |
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First Sentense |
about 18 mo. vocabulary increase and child begins to link words together -simple sentence seem to describe the world as a child see it ("dog bark") does show understanding of relationship. -two year olds use words sequence that are similar to how adult sentences are constructed ("dog bark") not ("bark dog") |
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Linguistic Inaccurancies |
2 year olds leave out words that are not critical to the message telegraphic |
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PreSchool Advances |
Language skills advance rapidly *sentence length increases * By age 3 they use plurals, possessives, past tense, and articles * At age 1 the avg child can use 3 words; age 2 about 272; age 3 about 1500; age 6 about 14,000 |
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syntax |
the number of ways children combine words to form sentences--doubles monthly |
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They also learn grammar |
the system of rules that determine how our thoughts may be expressed |
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Pragmatic abilities grow |
they learn turn-taking, sticking to a topic, and what should and should not be said according to the rules of society |
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private speech is for ________ |
the child not for others |
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Anywhere from ________of what children say is private |
20-60% |
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Vocabulary grows another __________between ____ |
5000 words; 6-11 years old |
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mastery of grammar improves |
use of passive voice and conditional sentences increases
still have trouble pronouncing some phonemes |
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pragmatics improve |
communicating with others is much better by adolescence |
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metalinguistic awareness |
an understanding of one's own use of language |
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they can take ________and _____that they need to ask for clarification |
Ambiguous speech; recognize |
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Language also allows these children to expert some ________________ |
control over their behavior |
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Three major approaches to explaining language acquisition |
1. learning theory argues 2. the nativist approach 3. the interactionist approach |
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Learning theory argues |
that language acquisition follows the laws of conditioning and reinforcement |
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the nativist approach |
says there is a genetically determined, innate mechanism that directs development |
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the interactionist approach |
attempts to combine the two |
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Benjamin Whorf |
proposed the linguistic relativity hypothesis, which says that language shapes and even determines the way people of a particular culture perceive and understand the world |
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welfare |
616 words; 5 affirmations, 11 prohibition |
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working class |
1,251 words; 12 affirmations, 7 prohibitions |
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professional |
2,153 words' 32 affirmations; 5 prohibition |
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bilingual education is misnamed |
children are taught in their native language while learning some english |
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bilingual students have some cognitive advantages |
more linguistic possibilities, cognitive flexibility, improved problem solving. |
