Language

Front 1

semantics

Back 1

meaning

Front 2

syntax

Back 2

rules/arrangement

Front 3

morphology

Back 3

smallest meaningful/semantic unit of language

Front 4

phonemes

Back 4

smallest unit of sound

Front 5

lexicon

Back 5

vocabulary, word bank

Front 6

speech vs language

Back 6

speaking is motor act
language is meaning/culture/symbols

Front 7

language development

Back 7

• Depends on experience (serve-and-return); social, motivational;
• Critical period; integration of control and representation
• Must be biologically ready, w/multi-layered thoughts

Front 8

Joint Attention

Back 8

2 people attending to same thing
o Receptive Joint Attention (looking)
o Initiating Joint Attention (“hey look at this”)

Basis for "Theory of Mind"

Front 9

Infant Perception of Language

Back 9

• In first 6 months, infants can perceive contrasts in phonemes in ALL languages, but loses non native consonants by 10-12 months

• Infants may prefer native language w/in first weeks of life & in utero

• Infants lip read and imitate sounds

Front 10

Language perception in infants tested via

Back 10

• Habituation (getting bored of repeated stimulus)

• Dishabituation (Measured in infants via amplitude of sucking)

Front 11

Language Production in infants requires

Back 11

• Requires object recognition & categorization
• Imitation
• Joint Reference & Intentionality (theory of mind)
• Memory
• Correlates with tool use

Front 12

Areas of the brain used in language

Back 12

• Interactive process between auditory, visual, somatosensory, motor, memory, emotions & associations.

• Language Areas of the brain: ALL (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, prefrontal)

Front 13

Neural Development in Utero (1st Trimester)

Back 13

o Proliferation, differentiation, migration

Front 14

Neural Development in Utero (2nd Trimester)

Back 14

o Basic wiring, synaptogenesis
o Connections from thalamus to neocortex
o Corpus Callosum
o Organized activity

Front 15

Neural Development in Utero (3rd Trimester)

Back 15

o Organization, start myelination
o Synaptogenesis

Front 16

Postnatal Development

Back 16

• Myelination (sensory before motor)
• Synaptogenesis
• Additive/Subtractive events

Front 17

Levels of Listening

Back 17

• Sound input
• Auditory-phoenetic analysis
o Sound analysis (turning sounds into phonemes and syllables)
o Word identification (recognizing words)
• Sentence analysis
o Grammar (id nouns, verbs, phrases)
• Inferring intention
o Semantics (access network of meanings/cultural context)
o Discourse (previous context in discussion)
o Purpose (speaker’s goal, meaning)

Front 18

Speaking Steps

Back 18

(starts with goal to express meaning, followed by vocal commands)

• Communication intention
• Message generation
• Formulating output
• Articulatory plan
• Breathing control and vocal movements

Front 19

Language development in adults vs children

Back 19

different in adults and infants; can’t correlate

Front 20

Area of the brain activated in response to words/speech sounds

Back 20

superior temporal gyrus/sulcus

Front 21

Neuroimaging & infants

Back 21

infants listen, we measure processing

Can be measured at levels of phonemes, words, semantics, syntax

Front 22

EEG/ERP

Back 22

(temporal) $

Front 23

NIRS (Near InfraRed Spectroscopy)

Back 23

(spatial-blood) $

Front 24

MEG (Magnetoencephalogrophy)

Back 24

(temporal & spatial) $$$$

Front 25

fMRI

Back 25

(spatial-blood) more for adults than infants $$$$

Front 26

Phonetic Learning (2 Phases)

Back 26

• Phase 1 (6-8 wks) infant primed to learn all phonemes
• Phase 2 (>8 wks) phonemes of non-native language drop off

Front 27

NLNC Hypothesis

Back 27

Native Language Neural Commitment

the faster infants committed to native language, faster language acquisition

Front 28

Motherese

Back 28

super annunciation, stretching acoustic cues (autism does not prefer)

Front 29

Word learning of infants at 4 months

Back 29

recognition of own name

Front 30

Word learning of infants at 7 months

Back 30

listen longer to passages containing familiar words than unfamiliar (L temporal & parietal)

Front 31

Broca’s area

Back 31

speech production, MOTOR.
• LIFG.

Front 32

Wernicke’s area

Back 32

speech perception & comprehension.
• LSFG. Auditory/speech areas of parietal & temporal

Front 33

Arcuate fasciculus

Back 33

(white matter axons): connects receptive areas + motor
• Looping between sensory & motor
• “Unification area”: memory links with temporal/cognition from prefrontal cortex

Front 34

Link Between Speech Perception & Production

Back 34

• Systems tightly coupled w/complex interactions
• Auditory cortex activated during both perception & production

Front 35

Aphasia

Back 35

brain damage/stroke to specific brain area leading to language disorder

Front 36

Broca’s aphasia

Back 36

(expressive) Fred Fried

o Difficult to initiate speech, non-fluent, labored, halting Agrammatism (telegraphic speech)
o Aware of deficits, but just cannot get words out

Front 37

Wernicke’s aphasia

Back 37

(receptive)

o Normal grammar, tone, etc BUT content incorrect & unable to understand language (both written & spoken)
o Paraphasia (errors in words, treen = train)
o Unaware of deficits due to lack of comprehension

Front 38

Conduction aphasia

Back 38

(associative)

o Arcuate fasciculus, or integration areas damaged
o Unable to repeat words
o Capable of conversation & fluent, but paraphrasic (prone to errors); can understand and self-correct

Front 39

Global aphasia

Back 39

o Symptoms of both receptive and expressive aphasias; cognition intact
o L side brain affected

Front 40

Anomic aphasia

Back 40

o Unable to recall words/names
o L parietal/temporal

Front 41

Progressive aphasia

Back 41

o Due to brain degeneration/Alzheimer’s

Front 42

Auditory Processing Disorder

Back 42

• Sensory processing deficit; difficulties in recognizing and interpreting language; can be developmental or acquired (unknown causes, maybe damage to hearing during development)
• Comorbid w/learning d/o

Front 43

Dyslexia

Back 43

learning disability, impairments in fluency, comprehension, reading
Other disorders w/language impairment:
• ADHD, Down syndrome, Autism (Joint attention, echolalia, delayed development)

Front 44

Dyslexia - neurobiology

Back 44

• Inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobe, middle temporal

Front 45

Prosody

Back 45

placing appropriate stress, timing, intonation on words in sentences. Defecits = lack of context comprehension/emotional tone, jokes emotions, social gatherings

Front 46

Prosody - neurobiology

Back 46

• Controlled by R hem (similar to arrangement of Brocas & Wernicke’s).
o Right inferior frontal gyrus (production);
o Right temporoparietal region (comprehension)