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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are colostral antibodies absorbed?
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through pinocytosis by specialized endothelial vesicles - these absorb protein non-specifically
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Good passive transfer requires adequate (5)..when can they be monitored?
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before ingestion:
• ab in dam's colostrum • ingestion/delivery to calf after ingestion: • GI motility • GI cell function • pinocytotic vesicles |
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FPT is not a _
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disease! But it can be caused by a disease or lead to disease
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Recommended colostral abs, colostral delivery, and serum Ig at 24 hrs for calves
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• 40-50 g/L
• 100-150 g (4 L) • 1600-2000 mg/L (settle for 800) |
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What happens to colostral Ig over time? (3)
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• redistributed to other body fluids (entire ECF)
• degrades (1/2 life of IgG is 2-3 weeks) • consumed therefore expect NATURAL drop in serum Ig over first months of life |
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Why is FPT bad? (4)
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energy deficit
fat-soluble vitamin deficit lack of passive immunity possible delay in gut closure |
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MAIN CAUSES OF DEPRESSION AND ANOREXIA IN NEONATES
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sepsis/toxemia
hypoxemia hypothermia hyperthermia hypoglycemia acidosis uremia developmental abNs weak calf/lamb syndrome |
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T/F - warming and feeding a cold, weak calve will correct its condition
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False - this shouldn't be assumed
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What three causes of depression and anorexia in neonates are easily diagnosed?
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hypothermia
hyperthermia hypoglycemia |
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What ruminants are susceptible to hypothermia and hypoglycemia, especially under temperature extremes or with low birth weights?
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Lambs (and kids)
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Causes of hypoxemia in the neonate (7)
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• prematurity/dysmaturity
• infection • depression (↓ ventilation) • meconium aspiration • bullous emphysema • hernias • other thoracic fluids or tissue masses |
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T/F - hypoxemia is underdiagnosed
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true - dx is difficult without arterial blood gas analysis and thoracic rads
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What may be the leading cause of death in calves <3 days old? Tx?
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Hypoxemia
Most sick neonates benefit from oxygen treatment. |
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Weak calf/lamb syndrome - look for (8)
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• maternal nutrition
• birth weight and gestational age • dystocia • vit E/selenium • BVD, other infectious pathogens • FPT - colostrum management • hygiene • mothering |
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What are the most ocmmon casues of morbidity and mortality in ruminants <2 days old?
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infections
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How do bacteria commonly gain access to the body (3)
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GI tract
respiratory tract skin breaks |
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What might happen with infections? (4)
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cleared completely
cleared except for focal problems cleared except for focal problems that reinfect the body become/remain widespread |
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Localization of focal infection occurs in ares of poor blood flow like (4)
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umbilicus
joints tissue abscesses bone (verterbral bodies) |
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Bacteria cause _, activate _, and release _ that in turn have what 3 effects on tissue?
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cause tissue damage, activate inflammatory reactions, release toxins
cause tissue damage, inflammatory reactions, and vasomotor dysfunction |
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Clinical complaints with sepsis (10)
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diarrhea (complicated scours)
pneumonia/resp signs depression/anorexia tissue mass lameness dehydration weakness/recumbency comatose blindness seizures/neuro signs |
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TPR and sepsis
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usually normal - don't expect a fever, and don't rule out sepsis if you don't have one; P and R can be high
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Cx of sepsis
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mild/moderate dehydration
scleral injection hypopyon swollen joints tissue masses MULTISYSTEMIC signs |
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Chem/blood gas and sepsis
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mild acidosis, uremia, glucose inconsistent, CBC abnormal (leukopenia)
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Sepsis and FPT test
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often reveals low Ig, cannot determine whether this is due to FPT or other reasons
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Special tests and sepsis
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blood culture, joint tap and culture, IS or rads for tissue mass, fecal culture
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_/_ usually more severe than diarrhea/resp signs/dehydration or clin path would suggest - sepsis
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depression/anorexia
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Which organisms are primarily responsible for sepsis?
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• some aggressive, invasive bacteria: E coli (>50%), Salmonella, Clostridia
• most opportunists: E. coli (>50%), Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Strep/Staph/Acitnomyces • 10-25% are polymicrobial |
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Treaments for sepsis (6)
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• Abx (ceftiofur; other penicillinase-resistant drugs)
• NSAIDs (banamine, ketoprofen) • fluids (crystalloids) • plasma (correct hypogammaglobulinemia • remove nidus (umbilicus, drain joint, tissue abscess) • supportive care (warmth, comfort, food) |
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What abx should not be used in sepsis
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fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides chloramphenicol |
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Preventing sepsis (9)
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• ensure good, fast passive transfer
• clean birth/neonatal environment: hutches or spread out • provide colostrum • pay extra attention to high-risk neonates • reduce risk of high-risk neonates • good immunity of dam • dip umbilicus • closing gut w poor colostrum is better than delaying feeding • role of prophy abx, neonatal vaccines, colostral supplements have not been evaluated for sepsis |
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How do you ensure good, fast passive transfer?
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high serum Ig
rapid gut closure, decrease absorption of pathogens |
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What mode of feeding colostrum is best?
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tubing>bottle>suckling
faster, known quality/quantity, decrease exposure due to food-seeking behavior |
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What are high-risk neonates for sepsis?
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dystocia
twin low birth weight premature weak stressed this may include abx, fluids, O2, warmth, supplemental energy |
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How do you ensure good immunity of the dam?
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nutrition
vaccination |
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What two things are more important than dipping an umbilicus to prevent omphalophlebitis?
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good passive immunity
clean environment |
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Focal infection of umbilical structures my lead to
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sepsis
chronic inflammatory reactions (poor growth) extension of infection to other sites (bladder and liver) |
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Reasons to suspect complicated scours (4)
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• failure to respond to treatment
• clinical signs far worse than lab work suggests • sepsis signs - hypopyon, injected sclera, fever, swollen joints or umbilicus • previous history on farm |
