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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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If you see a neoplasm in a horses eye, what is the number one differential?
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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What does hyphema mean?
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Blood in the eye (usually anterior)
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what nerve blocks would you use during an optho exam in horses?
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Supra orbital and palpebral (auriculopalpebral if handshy)
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Of what part of the eye does a supra orbital block, stop senstion
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Upper lids
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Of what part of the eye does a palberal block, stop sensation
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Lateral aspect of the eyelid
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As far as Dr. naylors "colors of the eye" goes, what are red, white, blue, yellow, and black respectively?
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Blood, collogen, edema; pus, and iris (and rarely foreign body)
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In an anterior synechia, what part of the eye is attached?
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Iris to cornea
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In a posterior synechia, what part of the eye is attached?
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The iris and lens
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In optho exams, when would you not use tonometry?
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Deep ulcers (it may rupture with the pressure you use)
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how do we treat conjunctivits in horses?
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Flush often and flea mask
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What are some of the CS of corneal ulcers?
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Photophobia, blepharospasms, lacrimation, neovascularization, keratitis, and conjunctivitis.
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what is the number on contributing factor to deep ulcers?
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Trauma
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What is keratitis?
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Inflammation of cornea
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what is epiphora?
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Excessive lacrimation
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Melting ulcers typically have what bacteria present?
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Psuedomonas
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what is the treatment for corneal ulcers?
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Atropine
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why do we use atropine with ulcers?
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Atropine will relieve pain by decreasing spasms, AND will reduce the chance for synechia to occur due to the dilation of the pupil
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What drug will we never use in horses with corneal ulcers?
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Glucocorticoids
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With melting ulcers, what meds do we use to treat?
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Anti-collagenase drugs usch as serum aceytlecistine or EDTA. You can do a conjuctival flap, but it is expensive
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In what disease is a conjunctival flap indicated?
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Corneal ulcers
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When putting in a sub palpebral lavage system, where do you attempt to place the catheter?
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As far back/as close to bony orbit as possible
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Concerning Equine recurrent uveitis, what is the best documented cause?
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Leptospira (but also onchocera)
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Where do the adults of onchocerta live?
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Nuchal ligament (ligamentum nuchae)
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Are ulcers generally unilater or bilateral?
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unilateral
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Is moon blindess usually unilateral or bilateral?
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bilateral
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How do you differentiate between an ulcer and recurrent uveitis?
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fluoroscein stains
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how can you defferentiate between cataracts and moon blindness?
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Cataracts are limited to the pupil and there is no corneal opacity
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Inflammation within the eye is known as
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Uveitis
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How do we treat uveitis?
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Topical corticosteriods, and phenylbutazone
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What drug should you avoid in horses with uveitis?
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Microfilaricides such as ivermectin. The dying adults promotes uveitis
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Tongue Tie is used for what?
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DDSP
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Tie Forward is used for what
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DDSP
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Cornell Collar is used for what?
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DDSP
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Tie Back is used for what?
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Laryngeal hemiplegia
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If a horse presents with a chronic cough, especially while eating, what is your top DD?
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Epiglottic entrapment. (also DDSP)
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If you see a laryngeal hemiplegia, what is another differential?
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Arytnoid chondritis
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An abnormal inspiratory sound "roar" is indicitive of what disease?
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Idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia
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What is the main complaint when owners bring in a horse for LH/ILH?
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Exercise intolerance
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When treating LH horses, if they have noise and exercise issues, what is the tx of choice?
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Ventriculocordectomy and laryngoplasty (tie back)
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If in an LH horse, noise is the only complaint, what is the tx of choice?
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Ventriculocordectomy (ventriculectomy)
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Idiopathic laryngeal paralysis is indicative of what?
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Left laryngeal hemiplegia
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What breeds of horse are more likely to get LH?
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Draught horses and thoroughbreds
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IDDSP can be caused by what 6 things?
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Thyrohyoid muscle dysfunction, inflammation/collapse of pharynx, retraction of the tongue, retraction of the larynx, hypoplastic epiglottis, and any upper/lower resp diseases
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If you have a horse that presented for "quitting" what should you suspect?
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DDSP
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What is the main neurogenic cause of DDSP?
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Guttural Pouch Mycosis
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If you see cheek puffing with a mainly expiratory sound, what should you suspect?
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DDSP
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How do you diagnose a DDSP?
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Scope horse while on treadmill, bag, or give lobeline IV
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Horses with resp issues, will have what happen to their intrathoracic pressure?
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Increased negative pressure
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Why do people "check"
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Usually used in show horses. Keeping their heads very high maintains their gait and prevents them from speeding up to a trot
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What does the thyrohyoideus muscle do?
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It is important to maintaing stabilization of the larynx and soft palate.
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What is the number 1 cause of poor performance and exercise intolerance in horses?
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Epiglottic entrapment
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If you have an inspiratory expiratory sound (gurgling) what should you suspect?
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Epiglottic entrapment
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In what breed of horses does arytenoid chondritis occur
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Draft horses
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What is "quidding"
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While eating hay, horses will make a bolous of food that falls out of their mouth. This is associated with dental disease?
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DD's for "quitting" are?
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Respiratory disease, atrial fibrillation, muscoluskeletal
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What are the top 4 differentials with stridor in horses?
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LH, DDSP, Arytnoid chondirits, and EE
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Common signalment for LH horses?
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2-3 year old Thoroughbred and Draft horses
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What is the TOC for LH
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Laryngoplasty with ventriculochordectomy
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Of the top 4 stridor differentials, which one can you see most readily at rest?
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EE
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What is the TOC for arytenoid chondritis?
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Arytenoidectomy
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What is the number 1 cause of epistaxis?
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Trauma (usually 2dary to NG placement)
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Where does the fungus live in GPM?
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Internal carotid in the medial compartment
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TOC for GPM
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Transarterial coil
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What breed of horse is ethoid hematoma not seen in?
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Standardbreds
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Common signalment for ethmoid hematoma?
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Male, older (8 yrs) thoroughbred/warmblood
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Why do we try to avoid formalin in ethmoid hematomas?
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Sometimes they can extend beyond the cribiform plate and enter the brain
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To classify EIPH, how long after a race do you have to scope the horse?
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Must be within 90 minutes
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If you suspect EIPH, but the horse hasn't been run in a few months, what can you look at?
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BAL or TTW and look for hemosiderophages
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If you see a caudo dorsal lung pattern on rads in a horse, what should you think?
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EIPH
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If you see caudo-dorsal lung patterns on a dog, what should you think
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Heart failure
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What is the most common cause of acute cough with nasal discharge?
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Viral
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How long can a cough persist for?
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7 weeks
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What causes purpura hemorrhagica?
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Influenza
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What two viruses do we worry about abortion in horses?
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Herpesvirus (4) and arteri (standardbreds and you see periorbital edema)
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What are the top 4 differentials for chornic cough?
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IAD, RAO, Dictyocaulus, Adult interstital pneumonia
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If cough is the only clinical sign in a presenting horse, what does he probably have?
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Inflammatory Airway Disease
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What is the signalment of an IAD horse?
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Young, just traveled, or is consistently stabled in a dusty barn
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If a horse is cough for 7 weeks, what 2 thngs should you consider?
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Viral dz or IAD
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How do we detect IAD?
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Via TTW or BAL.
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What are the types od IAD?
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Type 1 - 5-20% PMN's
Type 2 - Less then 2% Mast cells Type 3 - More then 3% Eosinophils |
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How do we treat the different types of IAD?
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Type 1 (5-20% PMNS's) - Tx with interfuron Alpha
Type 2 - (Less then 2% Mast cells) - Cromolyn Na Type 3 - (Less then 3 % Eosinophils) Glucocorticoids |
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In what disease do we typically see a heave line?
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RAO
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Is RAO inspiratory or expiratory?
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It is an expiratory problem with wheezes
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What drugs are used for diagnosis?
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Atropin and Glyco
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What are the 2 broad kinds of drugs we use the tx RAO
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Steroids and Beta 2 agonists
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How do we administer steroids in an RAO horse?
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Eith via nebulization Fluticasone/beclomethasone
or Systemically - dexamethasone/pred |
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If a horse comes in during RAO crisis, what do you give?
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Dexamthasone systemically and Albuterol via inhalation
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What oral beta 2 agonists do we give?
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Terbutaline and clenbuterol
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when concerning Dictyocaulus, what is the main thing we look for?
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Contact with donkies
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How do we distingush interstitial pneumonia from RAO?
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There will be an increase in fibrinogen and leukocytosis in interstitial pneumonia
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What problem is seen after giving equimmune?
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Adult interstital pneumonia
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What are the top 3 purulent nasal discharge differentials?
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Pnuemonias, gutteral pouch empyema, and Strangles
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What doi we use to break up chondroids?
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N-Acetylcystine
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How do we treat guttural pouch mycosis?
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Lavage with saline or LRS
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Etiologic agent associated with Strangles
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Strep Equi
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why do we quarantine Strangles cases?
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Cases can be infective for up to a year (usually 3-6 months though)
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how do we tx complicated strangles?
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Penicillin
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What vaccine route is best when vaccinating against Strangles?
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Intra Nasally
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Most common lymph node affected by Strangles
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Submandibular
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Most common node abcess causing dysphagia
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Retropharyngeal
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If a horse comes in with a heart rate of 120-140, what could be going on?
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Shock or myocardial damage
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concerning endotoxemia, which portion of the GIT is the "worst place" to have a breech
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Lg intestine, cecum
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What cell triggers the downward cascade in an endotoxemic patient?
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Macrophage
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What receptor is associated with endotoxemia?
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CD14
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What parasites are of main significance concerning colitis?
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Small strongyles (cyathostomiasis)
-also dont forget aabout salmonellosis, PHF, and clostridium |
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Where are blister beetles found?
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Alfalfa hay
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If you see PU/PD with isosthenuria in the face of a colic, what do you think?
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Blister beetle toxicosis
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What cutting hay do people buy to avoid blister beeltes?
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First cutting only
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What are "thumps"
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Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter - think hypocalcemia
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If you see synchronous diaphragmatic flutter, what should you use to treat?
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Calcium
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If there is a long distance travelled, what diseases do you think of?
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Plueropneumonia and salmonellosis
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This disease is stress induced
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Salmonellosis
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When culturing for salmonellosis, how many negatives do you have to see in a row before you can release the horse from isolation?
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5
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PHF looks different then salmonellosis on CBC how?
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WBC would be increased
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What causes PHF (Potomac Horse Fever?
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Neorickettsia risticii
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What drug do we use to treat PHF?
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Oxytetracycline
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What drug do we give to decrease the chance of post op ileus
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Licocaine
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What kind of feed is implicated in impaction in small intestine?
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Bermuda grass
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How do we treat sand impaction?
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Psyillium, along with water ande exercise
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With cecal impaction, what do we usually administer? (in leiu of mineral oil)
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DSS
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Enteroliths occur at what portion of the intestine?
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Transverse colon
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If you feel vertical bands while doing a rectal palpation, what do you probably have?
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Nephrospenic entrapment of Large colon (left dorsal displacement)
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How do we tx a nephrosplenic entrapment?
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Phenylephrine plus exercise
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What is the first sign of NSAID toxicity?
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Going off feed
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In foals, what is the most common small colon impaction?
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Meconium impaction
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If you see red orange reflux after deworming, what is going on?
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Ascarid impaction
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Mesenteric rents usually occur when?
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Immediately post op
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What two infectious agents are always on the list for complicated small intestine issues?
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Clostridium and Salmonella
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Does the dorsal or ventral colon have sacculations?
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Ventral
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What do Howell Jowell bodies represent in the horse?
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Nothing, they are normal
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What can cause IMHA in horses?
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Neonatal isoerythrolysis, EIA, penicillin, colstriudial infections, and LSA
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When I say tabanid, you think
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EIA (Equine infectious anemia)
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Does EIA cause intra or extravascular hemolysis
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Extra
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Hwo do we treat babesia/piroplasmosis
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Imidocarb
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If you see a fluctuating PR interval on EKG, what do you have?
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First degree AV block
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What are the 4 heart sounds
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S1 - AV close
S2 - Aortic and pulmonic close S3 - ventricular filling S4 - atria contracting |
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If a horse is in shock, what do we expect the heart rte to be?
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around 140
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Gutteral pouch empyema - what isolate do we find?
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Strep Zoo
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How do we treat GPE
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Lavage the shit out of it.
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How do we treat "simple" strangles
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Isolate, hot pack and treat symptomatically
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How do we treat "complicated" strangles
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Penicillin
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What are normal airway sounds called?
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Bronchovesicular - can only hear inspiration
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If you can hear both inspiratory and expiratory sounds, what is that called?
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Bronchial sounds
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What is the distribution of the lesion in EIPH on rads?
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Caudal dorsal
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Cranio-ventral distribution on rads is indicitive of what?
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Bacterial pnemonia
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What does EHV - 5 cause?
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Equine multinodular fibrosis
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What is the most reliable test for pleuropnemonia?
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A chest tap
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