Lalalas

Front 1

External validity

Back 1

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized.

Front 2

selection bias

Back 2

the sampling procedures favour the selection of some individuals over others.

Front 3

a biased sample

Back 3

has different characteristics from those of the population

Front 4

selection bias

Back 4

the sampling procedures favour the selection of some individuals over others.

Front 5

target population

Back 5

complete group of individuals of interest to the researcher.

Front 6

accessible population

Back 6

portion of the target population who are accessible to the researcher.

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sample

Back 7

individuals who are chosen to participate in the study ( intended to represent population)

Front 8

population

Back 8

all of the individuals of interest to the researcher.

Front 9

Probability Sampling

Back 9

each member of the population has a specifiable probability of being chosen to participate.

Important for applied research and when you wish to characterize a population.

Most probability sampling techniques require a sampling frame which is a complete list of all of the members of a population

Front 10

simple random sampling

Back 10

each individuals in the sample has an eqal chance of being selected. individuals are randomly selected from a sampling frame.

Front 11

Systematic random Smapling

Back 11

one individual is randomly selected from a sampling frame and then others are chosen at regular intervals.

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stratified random sampling

Back 12

the population is divided intro strata and individuals are randomly selected from each stratum.

Front 13

proportionate stratified sample

Back 13

random samples are drawn from each stratum in a way that is proportionate to the population

Front 14

Disproportionate stratified sample

Back 14

random samples are drawn from each stratum in a way that is disproportionate to the population.

Front 15

cluster sampling

Back 15

clusters of individuals are identified, a random sample of the clusters are chosen and all members in those clusters are sampled.

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unbiased sample

Back 16

a complete and accurate sampling frame
a high response rate
the process of randomization to work.

Front 17

purposive sampling

Back 17

sampling with a purpose in mind, to obtain a sample of people who meet some predetermined criterion.

Front 18

snowball sampling

Back 18

one or more individuals from the population are contacted and these individuals are used to lead the researcher to other population members.

Front 19

Nonprobability sampling

Back 19

the probability of any particular member of the population being chosen to participate is unknown. It is more convenient and inexpensive. Sampling frames are typically not possible to explain. representativeness of the sample is less important.

Front 20

Quota sampling

Back 20

people are selected haphazardly, but in a way to obtain specific percentages of people with different characteristics.

Front 21

Generalization issues

Back 21

volunteer bias, gender bias, cross-species generalizations.

Front 22

operational definitions

Back 22

make concepts public.

Precise statements of how an abstract construct is translated into a measurable variable.

Front 23

Construct validity

Back 23

the degree to which the measure actually measures the construct it is intended to measure.

Front 24

discriminant validity

Back 24

the extent to which scores on two different measures of different constructs do not relate to each other.

Front 25

convergent validity

Back 25

the extent to which scores on two different measures of the same construct relate to each other.

Front 26

Measured score

Back 26

True score + Random Error

Front 27

True score

Back 27

the score you would obtain if there was no error in the measure

Front 28

Random Error

Back 28

extraneous factors that influence your score on the measure.
Observer Error
Environmental Changes
Participant Changes.

Front 29

Parallel forms reliability

Back 29

the extent to which scores on two different, but equivalent versions of the same measure, administered at two different times, correlate with each other.

Front 30

internal consistency

Back 30

the assessment of reliability using responses at only one point in time.

Front 31

Conbrach's Alpha

Back 31

the correlations between each item and every other item are calculated and the average of all those correlations is computed.

Front 32

Split half reliability

Back 32

the test items are divided in half, scores on each half are calculated and the correlation between the scores on the two halves is computed.

Front 33

Reliable measures

Back 33

are not necessarily valid
But VALID MEASURES MUST BE RELIABLE

Front 34

Modalities of measurement

Back 34

Self report measures - participants provide reports on themselves

Physiological measures - responses of the participants bodes are recorded ( GSR, EEG, fMRI)

Front 35

Behavioural Measures

Back 35

researchers directly observe participants' behaviour

Front 36

Nominal scales

Back 36

involve meaningful but potentially arbitrary and non-numerical names or categories

Front 37

ordinal

Back 37

involve ordering or ranking the levels of the variable

Front 38

interval scales

Back 38

involve the use of real numbers designating real amounts that reflect relative differences in magnitude

Front 39

ratio scales

Back 39

contain an absolute zero point that represents the absence of the variable being measured.

Front 40

Sensitivity of measures

Back 40

Floor Effect - participants all perform at the bottom end of the measurement scale.

Ceiling effect - participants all perform at the top end of the measurement scale.

Continuous measures are more sensitive than binary measures.

Front 41

Tri-council policy statement

1998

Back 41

tree main canadian funding agencies jointly published the TCPS .

Medical research council ( Canadian institutes of health)
Social Sciences and Humanities research council
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research council
Any institution that receives funds from one of these agencies must adhere to the TCPS

Front 42

Tuskegee syphilis study

Back 42

physicians infected 400 low incme, mostly illiterate black men with syphilis to study the course of the disease. treatment was refused even after ac ure was discovered in 1943.

Willowbrook studies- physicians infected about 800 mentally impaired children with hepatities to study the course of the disease.

Nuremberg Code (1949) - set of 10 guidelines for the ethical treatment of human participants in research

Front 43

TCPS Overview

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Section 1 : Ethics Review

Section 2: Free and Informed Consent

Section 3: Privacy and Confidentiality

Section 4: Conflict of Interest

Section 5 : Inclusion in Research.

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REB ( research ethics board's structure )

Back 44

the reb membership should be broad enough to reflect the community or society from which research subjects are recruited. 5 people. 2 in areas of research. one in ethics. one has to come from community that REB services. Minimal risk is reviewed by one - anything more is 5

Front 45

differential design

Back 45

demonstrates the existence of a relationship between two variables.

Front 46

Ethics Review (Section 1)

Back 46

harms and benefits, minimal risk

Front 47

Free and Informed Consent (Section 2)

Back 47

Informed Consent, Coercion, Competence. Deception. Debriefing

Front 48

Informed consent is not necessary if

Back 48

the research involves no more than minimal risk.
- lack of consent is unlikely to adversely affect the rights and welfare of the participant
- the research can not practicably be carried out with informed consent.
- there is no therapeutic intervention and whenever possible and appropriate the participant is debriefed

Front 49

Privacy and Confidentiality (section 3)

Back 49

Limits, Anonymity, Privacy and confidentiality

Front 50

Conflicts of interest (section 4)

Back 50

Involving researchers,
involving the institution
involving REB memebrs.

Front 51

Inclusion in Research (Section 5)

Back 51

Distribution of benefits

Front 52

professional codes of ethics

Back 52

canadian code of ethics for psychologists. APA ethical guidelines.

Canadian council on animal care's code of ethics.

Front 53

Method of tenacity

Back 53

accepting ides as true because they have been believed for a long time or because of superstition

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method of intuition

Back 54

accepting ideas as true basedo n hunches and gut feelings

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method of authority

Back 55

accepting ides as true because some expert or authority figure asserts them to be true.

Front 56

rational method

Back 56

involves developing ideas using existing ideas and the principles of logic

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empirical method

Back 57

observation and experience are used to obtain knowledge .

Front 58

Theory

Back 58

inductive reasoning ( specific - general )
an interrelated set of concepts used to explain ab ody of data and make new predictions about the results of future studies.

Front 59

Research Hypothesis

Back 59

a specific prediction about what will happen in a particular study.
Deductive reasoning ( general -- > specific )

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( Step 1 )Scientific Method and Research process.

Back 60

Identify a Problem of Issue

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Step 2 Scientific Method and Research process.

Back 61

Narrow down the issue
A) identify variables to measure
B) define variables

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Step 3 Scientific Method and Research process.

Back 62

Develop a research hypothesis
a) logical
b) testable
c) refutable/falsifiable
d) positive

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Step 4 Scientific Method and Research process.

Back 63

Design and conduct the study
a) identify participants
b) select a research strategy ( experimental vs non experimental)
c) select a research deisgn
d) obtain ethical clearance
e) conduct the study.

Front 64

Step 5 Scientific Method and Research process.

Back 64

Analyze the data and interpret the results
support refute or refine the hypothesis

Front 65

Step 6 Scientific Method and Research process.

Back 65

Comunicate the results

Front 66

Elements of science

Back 66

Science is empirical ( systematic empiricism is used so that observations are carefully structured and controlled)

Science is public
peer review , replication

Science is objective

Front 67

Components of a good theory

Back 67

general
parsimonious - they provide the simplest possible amount of the outcomes

conducive to future research

falsifiable - they can be shown to be wrong.

Front 68

Correlational research strategy

Back 68

Goal - to describe the strength and direction of relationship between variables

Front 69

Correlational strategy

Back 69

two or mroe variables are measured as they naturally occur and the extent to which they go together or correlate is examined.

Front 70

Shapes of relationships

Back 70

Linear, Curvilinear, No relationship

Front 71

Nonmonotic

Back 71

the relationship between two variables changes direciton at some point

Front 72

monotonic

Back 72

the relationship between two variables remain in the same direction

Front 73

Phi coefficient

Back 73

both variables are nominal and dichotomous.

Front 74

point biserial coefficient

Back 74

one of the variables is nominal and dichotomous and the other is continuous.

Front 75

pearson product moment correlation coefficient

Back 75

both variables are on an interval or ratio scale.

Front 76

Correlation does not equal causation

Back 76

third variable problem, directionality.

Front 77

Regression

Back 77

involves using information about a relationship between variables to make predictions of one variable on the basis of another variable

Front 78

Multiple regression

Back 78

involves predicting one variable on the basis of more than one other variables

Front 79

Partial correlation

Back 79

a statistical technique used to control for third variables.

Front 80

Clinical Equipoise

Back 80

clinicians have an ethical responsibility to provide the best possible treatment for their patients.

Front 81

Belmont report

Back 81

provides a common set of federal regulations for protecting human participants to be used by review board.

Front 82

criterion variable

Back 82

the variable we predict ( ordinal, ratio, interval ) can only predict linear

Front 83

predictor variable

Back 83

the variable we use to predict

Front 84

Multiple Regression

Back 84

big R and R2

Front 85

correlation

Back 85

correlation of 0 does not mean absence negative correlation does not rule positive causal relationship

Front 86

third variable

Back 86

spurious (false) correlation

Front 87

correlation

Back 87

small correlations based on a large sample is statistically significant.

Front 88

test reliability retest must be .80 to be acceptable.

Back 88

x.

Front 89

correlation

Back 89

cannot be used if on nominal scale and more than 3 categories.

Front 90

correlation relationship

Back 90

must be monotonic and linear. if not will underestimate the relationship between two variables. Wise to create scatterplot before correlation.

Front 91

correlation

Back 91

direction of relationship,

form,

consistency