Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
tripartite
|
3 part, Jewish Bible, laws/prophets/writings, derive from classes (castes)
|
|
|
Torah
|
first five books of Bible, GELND, Laws of Jewish Bible
|
|
|
Hebrew Scriptures
|
the text of Judaism and Christianity, Christianity also has the NT
|
|
|
anthology
|
collection of books
|
|
|
quadripartite
|
4 part, Christian Bible, history/prophecy/wisdom/hymns (end with prophecy, leading to NT)
|
|
|
priests
prophets scribes |
teach Torach
not institutional, speak for of God (warnings) wisdom to upper class |
|
|
5th cen BCE
|
all books in Hebrew Scriptures no later than 5th cen BCE, prophecy ceases and no other books included
|
|
|
Themes of Biblical Books
|
God=universal, nature and history, relationship with Chosen People (thru covenant and revealed law), reward and punishment (individually and collectively)
|
|
|
50's CE
|
letters and travels of Paul
|
|
|
587 BCE
|
destruction of first temple by Babylonians (Israelites exiled to Babylonia)
|
|
|
BCE/CE
|
before christian era/christian era
|
|
|
early 30's CE
|
career of Jesus
|
|
|
70 CE
|
destruction of second temple by Romans...redefintion of Judaism
|
|
|
70-100 CE
|
Gospels, Mark=earliest
|
|
|
130 CE
|
Barnabas (allegory of Torah Law)
|
|
|
132-135 CE
|
Bar Kokhba revolt in Judaea, expulsion of Jews, really forced redefinition of Judaism
|
|
|
160 CE
|
St. Justin Martyr and Marcion
|
|
|
Jewish Truth Claims
|
God/Torah/Israel
|
|
|
JTC: Torah
|
as book, laws, oral (Mishnah), Judaism
|
|
|
halakhah
|
details of Laws of Torah
|
|
|
JTC: God
|
began as believe IN, with Maimonides 13 Articles of Faith becane belief THAT (response to Christianity and Islam)
|
|
|
JTC: Israel
|
Scriptures are for/about people of Israel who have special relationship with God, essential/functional/privilege/obligation
|
|
|
Israelite
|
ancient biblical people, of the 12 tribes, the Bible is Israelite (not Jewish...discontinuity)
|
|
|
Christianity: Eastern v Western
|
Orthodox v Catholic (Great Schism of 1054)
|
|
|
Christian Truth Claims
|
God/Gospel/Church
|
|
|
CTC: God
|
Jesus is also God, formulation of Nicene Creed (belief THAT), rejection of Marcion, Jesus as MAN, Holy Spirit communicates with prophets
|
|
|
CTC: Gospel
|
themes of sin, forgiveness, atonement; linked with Judaism (resurrection, final judgement, heaven/hell), NT=Gospels, Acts, letters, Revelation (response to heretics)
|
|
|
CTC: Church
|
Christians are the true chosen people, Church=all believers, body of Christ, institution
|
|
|
canonization
|
emergence of authoritative book (now the TEXT delivers the word of God), thus needs interpretation
|
|
|
modern academic scholars' assumptions about the Scriptures
|
normal book, inconsistent sources, interpret in context of times, authority from community
|
|
|
ancient Jewish and Christian interpreters' assumptions about the Scriptures
|
eternally true, omnisignificant (no stray detail), revealed by God (perfect), to/about us NOW
|
|
|
aggadah
|
narrative, stories
|
|
|
aggaadah and halakhah
|
combine in exegesis
|
|
|
exegesis
|
extensive critical interpretation of authoritative text
|
|
|
Christian exegesis
|
prophetic (ie thru Jesus), allegorical (metaphors for moral truths), typological (biblical events forshadow Christ and Church)...NOT literal...focus is to prove that NT understands OT
|
|
|
Nicene Creed
|
affirmation of Chrisitan belief THAT...God
|
|
|
the doctrine of Incarnation
|
Jesus was made flesh and suffered
|
|
|
Marcion
|
God(s) of OT and NT are different (one angry and vengeful, one loving and peaceful), Justin’s view of Christianity is opposed to that of Marcion. Marcion believed that Christianity was something new, entirely separate from Judaism and the God of the OT.
|
|
|
Gospels
|
MMLJ, formation related to response to Marcion and other heretics, information about life and times of Jesus
|
|
|
polysemy
|
the bible has multiple meanings, all of which are true
|
|
|
Mekhilta
|
a rabbinic Midrash, manna excerpt
• This is an example of the distinction between Jewish and Christian exegesis. Whereas Christian readings are typified as allegorical, Jewish readings are allegorical and prescriptive. This is an example of Jewish laws, or halakhah, derived from the story of the Manna. |
|
|
typology
|
accepts historical reality AND sees symbolism of Christianity
|
|
|
Jewish v Christian exegesis
|
legal and non-legal v mostly theological, programmatic
|
|
|
Jesus Movement
|
The Jesus Movement describes he emergence of Christianity in stages, from the lifetime of Jesus and continuing after his death through the work of his loyal followers. It is outlined primarily in the Gospels, Acts, and letters of Paul.
|
|
|
eschatological prophet
|
Jesus was an eschatological prophet who encouraged people to reform. Eschatological refers to the approach of the “end times.”
|
|
|
diaspora
|
The Jewish Diaspora was the increased presence of Jews outside of the Holy Land as Jews dispelled and Gentiles converted. Eventually Gentiles came to believe they did not need to obey all the Jewish Laws, leading to a branching off of Christianity.
|
|
|
gentile
|
Gentiles are non-Jews. Many were converted to Judaism and became the primary branching off of Christianity.
|
|
|
Acts
|
deals with followers of Jesus after his death
|
|
|
Paul
|
The letters of Paul discuss the Jesus Movement after the crucifixion. Paul was once a Jew but converted to Christianity (Enslin questions this, though).
|
|
|
Parting of Ways
|
The Parting of Ways refers to the separation of Judaism and Christianity. This was caused primarily by social separation of the religions.
|
|
|
Antioch
|
Antioch is the city in which the word “Christian” was first used. This occurred in the mid 40s CE.
|
|
|
social separation
|
Social separation is was caused the schism between Judaism and Christianity. It includes the division of institutions, politics, and networks of the two communities.
|
|
|
100 CE
|
This is the approximate year that the Parting of the Ways occurred. After this Judaism and Christianity were consistently considered separate religions.
|
|
|
Christian theological tenets
|
The tenets primarily concern Jesus and aided in the Parting of the Ways. Jesus was the Messiah, atoned for sins via death, God and Son of God, and both God and Man.
|
|
|
Christian ritual practices
|
Christian practices aided in the Parting of the Ways. Rituals such as baptism and communion and the Christian tendency to pick and choose which Jewish Laws to follow lead to separation (and concern).
|
|
|
Justin Martyr
|
St. Justin (martyr=title) was a Gentile Christian apologist who was educated in Greek philosophy and acted as a witness to Christianity during the formative 2nd century. He is the author of Dialogue with Trypho (the Jew).
|
|
|
apologist
|
Apologists argue in defense of a position (ie religious) that is under scrutiny. Justin was a Christian apologist.
|
|
|
Dialogue with Trypho
|
Dialogue, potentially either fact or fiction, was written by Justin Martyr for an unknown audience. It primarily concerns the self-definition of Christianity (ie not Judaism, not polytheism).
|
|
|
Bar Kokhba war
|
This war took place from 132-135 CE. It was a Jewish-Roman war.
|
|
|
proselyte
|
A proselyte is a person considering converting to a religion. It seems to be especially used in the context of conversion to Judaism.
|
|
|
self-definition
|
The act of defining an individual or group in term of ideals. Often takes place through separation from other groups.
|
|
|
polytheism
|
This is the primary classification of Greek religion. It is a religion with many deities, unlike Judaism and Christianity which believe in one God.
|
|
|
heresey
|
Heresy is the act of challenging or acting contrary to an accepted religious belief. Justin saw variations in Christianity (ie too much/too little Judaism) as heresy.
|
|
|
orthodoxy
|
Justin was the first to speak of orthodoxy of the Christian religion. In Dialogue he writes about Christians who are “right minded in all things.”
|
|
|
hermeneutical
|
It means related to theories on interpreting religious texts. Jesus is the hermeneutical key to understanding the Bible.
|
|
|
biblical laws
|
The commandments set for the Jews are known as biblical laws. One of the principal differences between Judaism and Christianity is that Christians do not believe that they are required to follow all of the biblical laws because they are saved through Christ.
|
|
|
circumcision
|
ritual act, sign of the covenant (berit) for God to see
|
|
|
covenant
|
binding God and people in special relationship
|
|
|
Justin's view of circumcision
|
sign for other people to see difference and for God to know who to punish
|
|
|
spiritual circumcision
|
of the heart, lips/ears by either God or self
|
|
|
Why was circumcision given extreme praise in Midrash?
|
potentially response to Christianity
|
|
|
Christian view of circumcision
|
a sign of justification through faith, God actually wants allegorical circumcision of heart not the flesh, there should be no distinction between Jew and Gentile (the Laws do this...), we are all circimsised through Christ
|
|
|
Justin's arguements against Christian circumcision
|
non-circumsised righteous people in Bible, logic, only Abraham was supposed to be actual circumcision...others just marked for punishment
|
|
|
Christian "version" of circumcision
|
baptism
|
|
|
kashrut
|
Jewish food laws, see Leviticus
|
|
|
kasher
|
food that may be eaten by Jewish Law
|
|
|
holy v profane
|
God and various places/objects/times/ppl are holy so protect from impurity...includes yourself!
|
|
|
pure v impure
|
some things inherently impure, avoid contact otherwise that will be temporarily impure until purification
|
|
|
eating animals, hierarchy
|
all animals...may be eaten...for the altar (mostly livestock)
|
|
|
other Jewish food laws
|
you shall not boil a kid in it's mother's milk, no eating blood, no arrion, no hindquarters
|
|
|
implications of food laws
|
group identity and boundaries, Jews fear of idolatry led to decreased interaction with Gentiles
|
|
|
Christian views on food laws
|
God's grace is available to all, don't need food laws (like circumcision)
|
|
|
Justin's views on food laws
|
a punishment for wicked Jews (like circumcision)
|
|
|
Paul's views on food laws
|
the food laws, while good prep, may be set aside now that people are saved through Christ...just don't make others sin thru idolatry
|
|
|
food laws kept by Christians
|
no blood, no idolatry, no sexual immorality
|
|
|
supersessionism
|
Christians taking role of Chosen People after Jews "lost their chance"
|
|
|
Bible: prophetic v legal material
|
Christian v Jewish
|
|
|
theologoumenon
|
item of theological thinking
|
|
|
the Chosen People
|
originally special relationship of God and Israelites...Jewish peoplehood, the supersessionism
|
|
|
differing views of Justin and Paul on Jewish Laws
|
Justin--punishment, Paul--guidance
|
|
|
piotistic
|
relating to being pious
|
|
|
3 kinds of food laws
|
dietary, purity, idolatry
God is holy so we are holy...don't come in contact with impurity...don't eat certain foods...or with certain people |
|
|
implicit meanings of circumcision
|
tribal mark, purification, apotropaic sacrifice
|
|
|
relationship between Justin and Paul
|
Justin does not address Paul, only Marcion (whose scriptures are they?!)
|
|
|
Justin on God
|
God is immutable
|
|
|
Midrash
|
genre of interpretation(playful) commentary on the Torah, halakhah and aggadah
|
|
|
Mishnah
|
text regarding laws of Jewish tradition based on Sciptures (ie oral Torah)
following the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, the many teachers of Jewish law (halakhah) transmitted a growing and ever more complex body of material known as oral Torah. At the same time, tradition says, oppression by Rome, reflected in the destruction of the Temple and the defeat of the Bar Kokhba rebellion (135 CE), was causing the oral Torah to be lost. As a consequence, Rabbi Judah the Patriarch undertook to collect and edit a study edition of these halakhot (plural) in order that the learning not vanish. Published 130 years after temple destroyed. Shows disputes between rabbinic interpretations |
|
|
Talmud
|
Mishnah+commentary (Gamara)
|
|
|
When did the term "Jew" arise?
|
587 BCE, based on name of placed where they lived
|
|
|
13 Principles of Faith..."The belief in..."
|
Maimonides
|
|
|
tripartite arrangement of Jewish Bible
|
Torah Neviim Ketuvim, the Tanakh
|
|
|
Christians put prophecy at end of OT...
|
...lead to NT?
|
|
|
What social group arose in 70 CE?
|
Rabbis...rabbinic judaism
|
|
|
dogma
|
definite authoritative tenet
|
|
|
writing of the Torah
|
by Moses, either brought down complete from Mt. Sinai or revealed then but completed during trek
|
|
|
Jesus as God
|
begotten by the Father but the same as the Father
|
|
|
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
|
John
|
|
|
3 major branches of Christian Church
|
orthodox, catholic, protestant
|
|
|
anagogical exegesis
|
end of time interpretation
|
|
|
God gives Israelites manna as they wander through desert
|
Exodus
|
|
|
story of manna/quails WITHOUT reference to Sabbath laws, etc
overwhelmed with food as punishment |
Numbers
|
|
|
story of manna, poetic
|
Psalms
|
|
|
rabbis on manna in scriptures
|
mekhilta
|
|
|
Jesus feeds the 5,000
|
John, Christian version of manna (Jesus as bread of life)
|
|
|
conflict on how many days to eat "manna" on passover
|
lev 7, deut 6
|
|
|
Why does the Bible require interpretation?
|
the text is obscure and contradictory
|
|
|
What did God give Moses at Mt. Sinai?
|
Writte AND Oral Torah...Midrash, unifying the two
|
|
|
themes of Jews curse Christ/Christians, Judaeans send out messengers, Jews say Jesus was magician, problem of Law (Christians don't follow?!), and solution (not all laws meant to be followed as written, some just for Jews' punishment)
|
Justin
|
|
|
What is wrong with uncircumcision of the heart?
|
blocks obedience to God's Will
|
|
|
story of Abraham's circumcision
|
Genesis
|
|
|
story of Dinah, circumcision as tribal mark
|
Genesis
|
|
|
circumcision and passover restrisctions, citizen belonging to nation
|
Exodus
|
|
|
weird story of God about to kill Moses, saved by circumcision
|
Exodus
|
|
|
circumcision and purification after childbirth
|
Leviticus
|
|
|
"second" circumcision of Israelistes
|
Joshua
|
|
|
great praising of circumcision and its importance
|
Mishnah and Talmud
|
|
|
circumcise your hearts
|
Deuteronomy
|
|
|
uncircumsised ears
|
Jeremiah
|
|
|
punishment for those only circumcised of the flesh
House of Israel is uncircumcised of the heart |
Jeremiah
|
|
|
"faltering lips"
|
Exodus
|
|
|
circumcision of Jesus
|
Luke
|
|
|
not a Jew just outwardly, must be inwardly (circumcision)
|
Romans
|
|
|
Abraham righteous before circumcision so it's just a sign
|
Romans
|
|
|
God's grace not through observing law but through FAITH
|
Galatians
|
|
|
don't need circumcision...through Christ
|
Ephesians
|
|
|
circumcision as mutilation of flesh
|
Philippians
|
|
|
Christ allows spiritual circumcision
|
Colossians
|
|
|
circumcision of Jews as punishment, marks them, don't need it to be righteous, God wants spiritual circumcision
|
Justin
|
|
|
detailed description of clean and unclean foods, how to purify
|
Leviticus
|
|
|
less detailed description of clean and unclean foods, do not boil a kid...
|
Deuteronomy
|
|
|
do not boil a kid...
|
Deuteronomy, Exodusx2
|
|
|
don't eat flesh torn in fields (ie carrion)
|
Exodus
|
|
|
don't eat blood
|
as early as Genesis (Noah)
|
|
|
cut off those who eat blood...it has life in it
|
Leviticus
|
|
|
washing for purification
|
Leviticus
|
|
|
pour out blood
|
Deuteronomy
|
|
|
allegorical food laws
|
Barnabas
|
|
|
food laws...desire?
|
"rabbinic texts"
|
|
|
Jesus says nothing from without can make one unclean, evil comes from within (parenthetical...thus all foods clean?)
|
Mark
|
|
|
Peter and Cornelius, vision
|
Acts
|
|
|
Jewish Christian council's letter to Gentile believers...only a few requirements (blood, idolatry, sexual immoraltiy)
|
Acts
|
|
|
don't eat food sacrificed by idols, don't eat food that might think people think this is okay (ie lead them to sin)
|
1 Corinthians (Paul)
|
|
|
"You shall be holy for I am holy"
|
Leviticus
|
|
|
How does one dispose of immpurity?
|
time, cleansing, purity offering
|
|
|
Genesis, general
|
creation, Noah, Abraham
|
|
|
Exodus, general
|
Jacob, Moses, leave Egypt, Mt. Sinai
|
|
|
Leviticus, general
|
Laws
|
|
|
many NT books are letters from...
|
Paul!
|
