Labs

Front 1

ACETONE (SERUM OR PLASMA)
Normal: negative
Elevated in: diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), starvation, isopropanol ingestion

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Front 2

ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR (AChR) ANTIBODY
Normal:  0.03 nmol/L
Elevated in: myasthenia gravis. Changes in AChR concentration correlate with
the clinical severity of myasthenia gravis following therapy and during therapy
with prednisone and immunosuppressants. False-positive AChR antibody results
may be found in patients with Eaton-Lambert syndrome.

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Front 3

ACID PHOSPHATASE (SERUM)
Normal range: enzymatic, prostatic 0-5.5 U/L; enzymatic, total 2-12 U/L
Elevated in: carcinoma of prostate, other neoplasms (breast, bone), Paget’s disease
of bone, hemolysis, multiple myeloma, osteogenesis imperfecta, malignant invasion
of bone, Gaucher’s disease, myeloproliferative disorders, prostatic palpation or
surgery, hyperparathyroidism, liver disease, chronic renal failure, idiopathic
thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

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Front 4

ACTIVATED CLOTTING TIME (ACT)
Normal: This test is used to determine the dose of protamine sulfate to reverse
the effect of heparin as an anticoagulant during angioplasty, cardiac surgery, and
hemodialysis. The accepted goal during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery is
usually 400 to 500 sec.

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Front 5

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
Normal: 9-52 pg/mL
Elevated in: Addison’s disease, ectopic ACTH-producing tumors, congenital adrenal
hyperplasia, Nelson’s syndrome, pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease
Decreased in: secondary adrenocortical insuffi ciency, hypopituitarism, adrenal
adenoma or adrenal carcinoma

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Front 6

ALANINE AMINOPEPTIDASE
Normal:
Male: 1.11-1.71 g/mL
Female: 0.96-1.52 g/mL
Elevated in: liver or pancreatic disease, ethanol ingestion, use of oral contraceptives,
malignancy, tobacco use, pregnancy
Decreased in: abortion

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Front 7

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT, SGPT)
Normal range:
Male: 10-40 U/L
Female: 8-35 U/L
Elevated in: liver disease (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis, Reye’s syndrome), alcohol
abuse, drug use (e.g., acetaminophen, statins, nonsteroidal antiinfl ammatory drugs
[NSAIDs], antibiotics, anabolic steroids, narcotics, heparin, labetalol, amiodarone,
chlorpromazine, phenytoin), hepatic congestion, infectious mononucleosis, liver metastases, myocardial infarction [MI], myocarditis, severe muscle trauma,
dermatomyositis or polymyositis, muscular dystrophy, malignancy, renal and
pulmonary infarction, convulsions, eclampsia, dehydration (relative increase),
ingestion of Chinese herbs
Decreased in: azotemia, malnutrition, advanced, chronic renal dialysis, chronic
alcoholic liver disease, metronidazole use

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Front 8

ALBUMIN (SERUM)
Normal range: 4-6 g/dl
Elevated in: dehydration (relative increase), IV albumin infusion
Decreased in: liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, poor nutritional status, rapid
intravenous (IV) hydration, protein-losing enteropathies (infl ammatory bowel
disease), severe burns, neoplasia, chronic infl ammatory diseases, pregnancy,
prolonged immobilization, lymphomas, hypervitaminosis A, chronic
glomerulonephritis

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Front 9

ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
Normal: 0-7 U/L
Elevated in: drug-induced hepatocellular damage, obstructive jaundice, malignancy,
infl ammation, infection

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Front 10

ALDOLASE (SERUM)
Normal range: 0-6 U/L
Elevated in: rhabdomyolysis, dermatomyositis or polymyositis, trichinosis, acute
hepatitis and other liver diseases, muscular dystrophy, MI, prostatic carcinoma,
hemorrhagic pancreatitis, gangrene, delirium tremens, burns
Decreased in: loss of muscle mass, late stages of muscular dystrophy

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Front 11

ALDOSTERONE (PLASMA)
Normal:
Adult supine: 3-16 ng/dL
Adult upright: 7-30 ng/dL
Adrenal vein: 200-800 ng/dL
Elevated in: aldosterone-secreting adenoma, bilateral adrenal hyperplasia,
secondary aldosteronism (diuretics, congestive heart failure [CHF], laxatives,
nephritic syndrome, cirrhosis with ascites, Bartter’s syndrome, pregnancy, starvation
Decreased in: Addison’s disease, rennin defi ciency, Turner’s syndrome, diabetes
mellitus (DM), isolated aldosterone defi ciency, post-acute alcohol intoxication
(hangover phase)

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Front 12

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (SERUM)
Normal range: 30-120 U/L
Elevated in: biliary obstruction, cirrhosis (particularly primary biliary cirrhosis),
liver disease (hepatitis, infi ltrative liver diseases, fatty metamorphosis), Paget’s
disease of bone, osteitis deformans, rickets, osteomalacia, hypervitaminosis D,
hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, ulcerative colitis, bowel perforation,
bone metastases, healing fractures, bone neoplasms, acromegaly, infectious
mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, sepsis, pulmonary infarction,
hypernephroma, leukemia, myelofi brosis, multiple myeloma, drug therapy
(estrogens, albumin, erythromycin and other antibiotics, cholestasis-producing
drugs [phenothiazines]), pregnancy, puberty, postmenopausal females
Decreased in: hypothyroidism, pernicious anemia, hypophosphatemia,
hypervitaminosis D, malnutrition

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Front 13

ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN (SERUM)
Normal range: 110-140 mg/dL
Decreased in: homozygous or heterozygous defi ciency

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Front 14

ALPHA-1-FETOPROTEIN (SERUM)
Normal range: 0-20 ng/ml
Elevated in: hepatocellular carcinoma (usual values 1000 ng/ml), germinal
neoplasms (testis, ovary, mediastinum, retroperitoneum), liver disease (alcoholic
cirrhosis, acute hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis), fetal anencephaly, spina bifi da,
basal cell carcinoma, breast carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, gastric carcinoma,
retinoblastoma, esophageal atresia

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Front 15

ALUMINUM (SERUM)
Normal range: 0-6 ng/mL
Elevated in: chronic renal failure on dialysis, parenteral nutrition, industrial exposure

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