Laboratory Animal Medicine, Nonhuman Primate Chapter

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distinguished
from other nonhuman primates by their small size,150 to 600 gm; their dental formula; claws,a high frequency
of twinning, approximately 80%.

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the first digit of each foot, the hallux, which is opposable,
while the thumb is not.
-have
two distinct marking glands.
1.Circumgenital glands:cover the labia majora and pudendum in the female and the
scrotum in the male.
2.Sternal glands:located on the anterior chest

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Callitrichids
are unique in that usually only one adult female in an
extended breeding group reproduces; subordinate females, usually
offspring of the breeding female, may or may not have an
estrous cycle.All callitrichid twins and many singletons appear
to be permanent chimeras. In normal twinning, there are placental
vascular anastomoses and continuous placental hematopoiesis

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The Callitrichidae contain one genus of marmosets, Callithrix,and two genera of tamarins, Saguinus and Leontopithecus. Marmosets have procumbent incisor teeth that are the
same length as the canine teeth.

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C. jacchus, group composition
may be multimale-multifemale,one male-multifemale, or one female-multimale.The group may contain one to two immigrants and several sets of offspring. Tamarins have a multimale- multifemale social structure,

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Callitrichids are
diurnal; group activity usually begins 1-1.5 hr after sunrise.
Approximately one-fifth of the day will be spent traveling and
up to one-third of the day foraging.

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Puberty 15-17 months of age, females removed from the family group at 9 months of age
and paired with an unrelated male begin cyclinYoung adult female tamarins, 20-28 months of
age, have suppressed fertility while living in their family groups, at 10-11 months of age. The ovarian cycle of the common marmoset has been reported
to

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Male C. jacchusadult levels of plasma testosterone
until approximately 18 months of age

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average cycle length 28.6 + 1.0 days. The follicular
phase of 8.5 days and the luteal phase, 19-
21 days. no change in vaginal cytology.In the common marmoset and tamarins, there is no lactational anestrus,In S. j-kscicollis,
the ovarian cycle lasts 17.3 days and in S. oedipus, 15.2 days.There is no postpartum estrus in tamarins.

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Gestation ranges from 140 to 150 days, Weaning may begin as early as 45 days and
is usually complete by 60 days.

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Housing:

Temperature has to be warm, they stressed ut under 32C resulting chronic colitis.
-Callitrichids-Single, narrow high cages are preferable to wide
-Feeding areas or stations should be above the floor and multiple stations provided if more than one animal is in the cage.

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"wasting marmoset syndrome,"a chronic wasting disease of multiple etiologies, has been limited access to food due to guarding by the dominant animal in the cage.is important to
have materials within the cage, preferably wood or fiber, for scent marking and sanitized as necessary.The nest box should have
a viewing area at one end for observation and a closable opening
into the cage.

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NUTRITION:
Marmosets and tamarins have a dietary requirement for vitamin D, and ascorbic acid. Animals housed indoors without any exposure to natural sunlight may require a supplemental source of ultraviolet B radiation to prevent the development of rickets Dietary iron levels found in standard New
World primate diets have been associated with the development of hepatic hemosiderosis in marmosets

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Research Use
Common marmosets have been used as models of Parkinson's disease and as models of allergic encephalomyelitis, which mimics several facets of
multiple sclerosis in humans.They are also models for idiopathic hemochromatosis. Saguinas labiatus, the white-lipped or
red-bellied tamarin, and S. mystax, the mustached tamarin, are used in viral hepatitis studies.