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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Na Range
(ECF cation) |
136-145 mEq/L
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Causes of Hypernatremia
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dehydration
aldosteronism DI (some type of water loss) |
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Causes of Hyponatremia
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SIADH
thiazides carbamazepine burn patient vomiting/diarrhea |
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K Range
(ICF cation) |
3.5-5 mEq/L
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Causes of Hyperkalemia
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renal failure
acidosis (AG) RBC transfusions uncontrolled DM ACE-I |
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Results of Hyperkalemia
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cardiac arrythmias
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Causes of Hypokalemia
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vomiting/diarrhea
primary aldosteronism diuretics insulin/glucose infusion alkylosis |
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Results of Hypokalemia
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increased effects of digitalis
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Cl Range
(ECF anion) |
95-105 mEq/L
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Causes of Hyperchloric
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dehydration
hyperventilation metabolic acidosis |
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Causes of Hyperchloric
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vomiting
gastric suction heat exhaustion DKA metaboic alkylosis |
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Results of Hypercholric
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more prone to infections
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CO2 (Carbon Dioxide/Bicarbonate) Range
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20-25 mEq/L
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Causes of Elevated CO2
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severe vomiting
emphysema aldosteronism |
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Causesof Decreased CO2
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acute renal failure
DKA hyperventilation |
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Anion Gap (AG)
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AG = Na - HCO3 - Cl
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BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) Range
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8-18 mg/dL
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Causes of Elevated BUN
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kidney disease or urinary obstruction - cannot be excreted
GI obstruction dehydration |
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Causes of Decreased BUN
|
end stage liver disease - cannot break down proteins
over hydration impaired protein absorption |
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SCr (Serum Creatinine) Range
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0.6-1.2 mg/dL
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Lab Test of SCr effected by:
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ascorbic acid
cimetidine methyldopa |
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Causes of Elevated SCr
|
renally toxic drugs
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Glucose Range
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70-110 mg/dL
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Ca Range
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8.5-10.8 mg/dL
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Causes of Hypercalcemia
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hyperparathyroidism
neoplasm (cancer) Addison's disease thazides |
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Causes of Hypocalcemia
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hyperphosphotemia
alkalosis laxative abuse furosemide |
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ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) Range
|
3-30 units/L
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Causes of Elevated ALT
(3-4x baseline is significant) |
hepatocellular disease
active cirrhosis biliary obstruction |
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AST (Asparate Aminotransferase) Range
|
8-42 units/L
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Causes of Elevated AST
|
MI
liver disease acute hemolytic anemia (not chronic) |
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Drugs that may affect AST Assay
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levodopa
tolbutamide erythromycin |
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Alk Phos (Alkaline Phosphatase) Range
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30-120 units/L
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Causes of Elevated Alk Phos
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metastatic bone disease
osteomalacia poor bone formation obstructive jaundice liver lesions Paget's disease |
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Causes of Decreaed Alk Phos
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malnutrition
hypothyroidism hypophosphotemia |
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Bilirubin Range
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0.3-1 mg/dL
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Causes of Elevated Indirect or Unconjugated Bilirubin
|
liver disease
liver blockage |
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Causes of Elevated Direct or Conjugated Bilirubin
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increased RBC destruction
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Causes of Elevated GGT
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cholecystitis
cirrhosis biliary obstruction |
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Causes of Elevated LD
|
MI
skeletal muscle necrosis PE megablastic anemia severe dehydration or malnutrition physical trauma/infection ischemia |
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WBC Range
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3.2-9.8 x 10^3/mm^3 (or 10^9/L)
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WBC Differential ("Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas")
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neutrophils>lymphocytes>
monocyts>eosinophils> basophils |
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Granulocytes
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neutrophils (bands, segs)
eosinophils basophils |
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Agranular Cells (Lymphoid Cells)
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lymphocytes (B & T cells)
monocytes |
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Neutrophils
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increase with bacterial and fungal infections but NOT with viral infections; phagocytoize -> pus
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Lymphocytes
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fight bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoa infections
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B Lymphocytes
(Humoral Immunity) |
secrete antibodies that recognize antigens to form complexes that are later phagocytoized
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T Lymphocytes
(Cell Mediated Immunity) |
Tc (cytotoxic)
Th (helpers) Ts (suppressors) |
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Tc (cytotoxic) cells
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keep antibodies on cell membrane and recognize infected host cells to cause cell lysis
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Th (helper) cells
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activate B cells and Tc (cytotoxic) cells
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Ts (suppressor) cells
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help reduce the intensity of the immune response
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Natural Killer (NK) Cells
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kill viruses, bacteria, and neoplastic cells
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Monocytes
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precursors to macrophages that phagocytoize and secrete immune substances such as interleukins and interferon; help fight viral and fungal infections
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Eosinophils
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responsible for hypersensitivity reactions and in attacking parasites
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Basophils
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primarily secrete substances (i.e. histamine) that mediate hypersensitivity reactions
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Hct
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males 39-49%
females 33-43% |
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Hgb Range
|
males 14-18 g/dL
females 11.5-16.5 d/dL |
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RBC Counts
|
males 4.3-5.9 X 10^6/mm^3
females 3.5-5 x 10^6/mm^3 |
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Causes of Decreased RBC Count
|
systemic lupus erythamatosus
anemia |
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Causes of Eleveated RBC Count
|
high altitude
dehydration burns polycythemia |
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Reticulocyte Count
|
0.1-2.4%
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Causes for Elevated Reticulocyte Count
|
RBC production accelerated
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Causes for Decreased Reticulocyte Count
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bone marrow suppression
renal failure due to lack of erythropoietin |
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Platelet Count
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14-440 X 10^3/mm^3
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Causes of Decreased Platelet Count
|
disease or drug induced (heparin, linezolid)
idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) |
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Causes of Elevated Platelet Count
|
asplenetic
intra-abdominal damage to the spleen |
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Urine Protein Range
|
30-130 mg/day
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Urine Dipstick for Proteins
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0: <30mg
1+: 30-100mg 2+: 100-300mg 3+: 300-1000mg 4+: > 1000mg |
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Gram Stain
|
gram (+): red
gram (-): purple |
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CK (Creatinine Kinase) Range
|
0-150 units/L
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CK-MB (mycocardium)
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>5% indicates MI
rises 4-8 hours post MI peaks 12-24 hours post MI remains 72 hours post MI |
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Troponin I - Cardiac Cells Only
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rises 2-4 hours post MI
peaks 24-36 hours post MI remains 10-14 days post MI > sensitive/specific for MI >1 = MI |
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LD Range
|
100-190 units/L
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