Lab Values

Front 1

Hemoglobin A1C
(Hgb A1C)

Back 1

2.2-4.8% Nondiabetic adult
2.5-5.9% Good diabetic control
6.8-8.0% Fair diabetic control
>8.0% Poor diabetic control

Hint 1

amount of Hgb glycosylation, a weighted average of glucose levels over the last 3 months, which indicates diabetes control.

Front 2

Fasting Blood Sugar

Back 2

70-110 mg/dL

Hint 2

measures glucose content in blood after fasting at least 4hrs

Front 3

Digoxin Levels

Back 3

0.8-2.0 ng/mL

Hint 3

measures blood level of the cardiac glycoside Digoxin (Lanoxin) used to treat heart failure and tachycardia

Front 4

Phenytoin Level

Back 4

10-20 micrograms/mL

Hint 4

measures blood concentration of the anti-seizure medication Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Front 5

Urinalysis
pH

Back 5

4.6 – 8.0

Hint 5

measures acidity or alkalinity

Front 6

Urinalysis
Specific gravity

Back 6

1.010 - 1.030

Hint 6

measures how concentrated the urine is relative to the density of water

Front 7

Urinalysis
Protein

Back 7

Negative

Hint 7

measures amount of protein in urine

Front 8

Urinalysis
Sugar

Back 8

Negative

Hint 8

measures amount of sugar in urine

Front 9

Urinalysis
Ketones

Back 9

Negative

Hint 9

measures presence of ketone bodies which are end products of fatty acid metabolism.

Front 10

Urinalysis
Nitrites

Back 10

Negative

Hint 10

detects conversion of nitrate to nitrite by bacteria. May indicate presence of bacteria in urine.

Front 11

Urinalysis
Leukocyte Esterase (LE)

Back 11

Negative

Hint 11

detects enzyme found in granulocytes, histiocytes, and Trichomonas

Front 12

Red Blood Cell Count (RBC)

Back 12

men 4.7-6.1 million/micrograms/L
women 4.2-5.4 million/micrograms/L

Hint 12

measures the number of RBC’s /mm3 blood

Front 13

Hematocrit (hct, pcv, crit)

Back 13

men 42-52%
women 37-47%

Hint 13

measures the percentage of RBC’s in the plasma
*If RBC and Hgb are normal, the Hct is about 3 times the Hgb

Front 14

Hemoglobin (hgb)

Back 14

men 14-18 g/dL
women 12-16 g/dL

Hint 14

measures the amount of hgb in the RBC’s

Front 15

Aspartate Aminotransferase
(Serum Glutamic-oxaloacetic Transaminase)
(AST) or (SGOT)

Back 15

0-35 micrograms/L

Hint 15

measures an enzyme found in heart, liver and muscle tissue
It is the highest in the liver

Front 16

Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) or (CK)

Back 16

Total CK:
men 55-170 micrograms/L
women 30-135 micrograms/L

isoenzymes:
MM(CKIII) 100%
MB(CKII) 0%
BB(CKI) 0%

Hint 16

measures enzyme that converts creatine to creatinine. Muscle tissue is rich in CK. 3 isoenzymes
CK-I (BB)-produced in brain and smooth muscle
CK-II(MB)-produced by heart tissue
CK-III(MM)-produced by muscle tissue

Front 17

Cardiac Troponins T and I

Back 17

T < 0.2 ng/mL
I < 0.3 ng/mL

Hint 17

specific indication of cardiac muscle injury

Front 18

Lactic Dehydrogenase LDH

Back 18

total LDH 100-190 micrograms/L

Hint 18

enzyme formed in the heart, liver, muscles, and RBC’s as well as other organs & isoenzymes

Front 19

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Back 19

10 - 20 mg/dL

Hint 19

measures amount of urea nitrogen in blood. Urea is a waste product of protein metabolism formed by liver and excreted by kidneys

Front 20

Serum Creatinine

Back 20

men 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
women 0.5-1.1 mg/dL

Hint 20

waste product of creatine phosphate, a high energy compound found in skeletal muscle.

Front 21

Serum Sodium

Back 21

135-145 mEq/L

Hint 21

measures sodium content in serum. Na+ is primary factor in maintaining osmotic pressure of ECF. Results must be evaluated relative to hydration status.

Front 22

Serum Potassium

Back 22

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Hint 22

measures potassium content in serum. K+ is essential for normal cardiac and neuro- muscular function.

Front 23

Serum Chloride

Back 23

95-105 mEq/L

Hint 23

measures Cl- content in serum. Cl- level usually reflects Na+ level in serum.

Front 24

Serum Calcium

Back 24

total Ca++ 8.5-10.5 mg/dL

ionized 4.5-5.5 mg/dL

Hint 24

measures Ca++content in the serum. Total Ca++ or ionized (active)Ca++ can be measured. Ca++ levels should be interpreted relative to albumin levels
*Roughly ½ of Ca++ is bound to albumin. If serum albumin level drops 1g the total Ca++ drops 0.8 mg but ionized Ca remains unchanged.

Front 25

Serum Phosphorous or Phosphates

Back 25

2.8-0-4.5 mg/dL or
1.8-2.6 mEq/L

Hint 25

measures amount of P in serum. An inverse relationship exists with serum Ca++

Front 26

Serum Magnesium

Back 26

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

Hint 26

measures the serum concentration of Mg++

Front 27

Prothrombin Time
(PT)

Back 27

maybe reported as
1) time in seconds it takes blood to clot. (compare to control) 11.0-12.5 sec
PT should be:
1.5-2 x control if anticoagulation is well controlled.
2) % of normal activity (compared to control) 85-100%
3) International normalized ratio (INR)
INR should be:
2.0-3.5 if anticoagulation is well controlled.

Hint 27

measures the level of prothrombin and other clotting factors that are made in liver and are vitamin K dependent. Used to measure effectiveness of coumarin type anticoagulant drugs.

Front 28

Partial Thromboplastin time
PTT

Back 28

PTT is reported as seconds it takes for blood to clot. If chemicals are added to accelerate clotting time the value is called an activated PTT (APTT)
normal APTT 30-40 sec.
normal PTT 60-70 sec.
PTT should be
1.5-2.5 x control if anticoagulation is well controlled.

Hint 28

demonstrates lack of any of intrinsic clotting factors except factor 7. Also used to monitor heparin anticoagulant therapy.

Front 29

Platelet Count

Back 29

150,000-400,000/mm3

Hint 29

measures quantity of platelets per cubic millimeter of blood. Platelets are formed in bone marrow and function in blood coagulation. They are removed from blood by the spleen.

Front 30

White Blood Cell Count (WBC)

Back 30

5000-10,000/micrograms/L

Hint 30

measures the total WBC’s per cubic millimeter of blood.

Front 31

Total Lymphocyte Count

Back 31

1800-3000 calculated from WBC

Hint 31

one component of the WBC differential

Front 32

Serum Cholesterol (total)

Back 32

<200 mg/dL
Borderline high 200-239 mg/dL
High > 240 mg/dL

Hint 32

measures the amount of cholesterol in serum. Cholesterol is essential for production of bile and steroids. It is a component of cell membranes. Excess cholesterol contributes to Atherosclerosis and CV Disease
Cholesterol is made by the liver.

Front 33

Serum Triglycerides

Back 33

men 40-160 mg/dL
women 35-135 mg/dL

Hint 33

Most abundant fats in serum. They come from animal fat and vegetable oils

Front 34

Serum Albumin

Back 34

3.5-5 g/dL

* pre-albumin: 15-36 mg/dL

Hint 34

measures amount of this plasma protein in the serum. Albumin is essential to maintain oncotic pressure of vascular system. It binds many drugs/hormones and serves as an acid-base buffer.